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Jan. 21 marked the 50th anniversary of the first commercial flights of the Concorde       NPU file photo

Removing Maduro

As world leaders reacted to the snap operation which led to the capture of Venezuelan president Nicolas Maduro by U.S. forces, there was mixture of joy and concern. Joy that a long time dictator had been removed, perhaps sending a signal to others as the Ukrainian president quipped: "If you can do that with dictators, then the United States knows what to do next." But mostly concern that those wild rants about moving against foreign countries, some of which include allies, were just the first shot in negotiations under the Art of the Deal. "We are a superpower, and under president Trump we are going to conduct ourselves as a superpower," stated Homeland Security advisor Stephen Miller, who has spearheaded everything from the controversial immigra-tion crackdown to the country's aggressive foreign policy. "I think we're witnessing an act of imperialism in our hemisphere," former Canadian foreign minister Lloyd Axworthy said of the operation in Venezuela, adding the U.S president "has basically made it very clear he runs the hemisphere and will do what he wants." Germany's president warned the world shouldn't be allowed to turn "into a den of robbers where the most unscrupulous take whatever they want, where regions or entire countries are treated as the property of a few great powers". Even Volodymyr Zelensky had to see the removal of Maduro as troublesome, considering the message it was sending to Russia and China. The operation in Caracas very quickly turned the attention to other countries of interest mentioned by the U.S. president over time. And the list of potential targets only seemed to grow. As Maduro made his first court appearance in New York, leaders from Cuba to Iran and Mexico to Denmark were condemning not only Washington's incursion but threats directed towards them by the U.S. administration. Mexico City and Bogota reacted strongly to hints the U.S. could intervene there as well to fight drug trafficking, an excuse used to capture Maduro on drug charges despite the fact Washington made its intent on the oil industry plain. Colombian President Gustavo Petro dared the U.S. to mount a similar attack: "Come get me, I'm waiting," he taunted. Of greater concern perhaps was Denmark's warning that a take over of Greenland, which belongs to a NATO member and already has important defense deals with Washington, would "be the end of everything", after Denmark's prime minister asked the U.S. president to stop provocations, including  recent statements the US "had to have Greenland." This is all forgetting about a country Washington had recently threatened to strike if its leadership cracked down on protests taking part across the country. In fact people waking up on Jan. 3 may have thought Iran had been the subject of US military action, not Venezuela, after the U.S. president had warned this country which had been the subject of previous U.S. strikes. This growing list of potential targets should come as a surprise to the president's supporters, many of whom had applauded promises of lesser involvement in foreign conflicts and not acting as the world's policeman. The seizing of Venezuela-linked boats quickly followed the incursion into Caracas. Democratic opponents, who hope to score new seats in this year's mid terms, noted the Venezuela attack took place after the partial release of the files pertaining to late pedophile Jeffrey Epstein were dominating the headlines and at a time millions of Americans were struggling to deal with higher health care costs after the end of Obamacare subsidies. More confusingly the latest threats against Greenland were being uttered as the Europe and US were agreeing on security guarantees should a European force defending Ukraine come under attack. The issues may be linked as Trump’s former Russia adviser said Moscow offered U.S. free rein in Venezuela in exchange for Ukraine. In the mean time however concerns of a clash with Colombia lessened as both leaders had a phone conversation that lowered tensions and even ended in an invitation to the White House. Would that scene itself be serene and cordial or spiral into the catastrophic meeting with Zelensky last year? The only sure thing seemed to be the inconsistency of U.S. foreign policy as the world entered another year of uncertainty.

Sans opposition

Au Burkina Faso, au Mali ou au Niger, la junte au pouvoir rend tout exercice électoral ou démocratique plutôt difficile, on s'entend, et est-ce mieux ou plus honnête en Guinée où le responsable d'un coup d'état a décidé de se prononcer candidat? Mais même ailleurs le continent connait plusieurs cas de "crise de la gouvernance démocratique" pour reprendre les termes d'un expert, où l'appel aux urnes laisse à désirer. La ré-élection d'Alassane Ouattara en Côte d'Ivoire et de Samia Suluhu Hassan en Tanzanie étaient, comme dans plusieurs pays, des élections sans opposition, les vainqueurs obtenant des résultats dépassant les 90%. L'opposition s'est cependant manifestée dans les rues, le scrutin en Tanzanie étant suivi par des violences qui ont fait des centaines de morts dans l'ensemble du pays. L'élection de Hassan, qui a pris la tête de son pays à la mort de John Magufuli en 2021, avec 97% selon les chiffres officiels, constituait une «parodie de démocratie» selon l'opposition tanzanienne, dont les manifestations ont été sévèrement réprimées par les forces de l'ordre. Les opposants principaux étaient d'ailleurs soit en prison, soit, comme en Côte d'Ivoire, disqualifiés. Le pouvoir s'est empressé de nier les violences déplorées par l'opposition: «Il n'y a eu aucun usage excessif de la force, affirmait le ministre des Affaires étrangères Mahmoud Thabit Kombo. Je n'ai pas vu ces 700 morts». Il s'agissait des premiers estimés du parti Chadema, dont le chef a été arrêté en avril pour "trahison", a été exclu des élections et fait appel au boycott du scrutin. Les estimés ont grimpé depuis, des chiffres qui ont "alarmé" le haut commissariat de l'ONU, qui a appelé les forces de l'ordre à ne pas recourir à une force "non-nécessaire ou disproportionnée" soulignant qu'elles devaient "faire tout leur possible pour désamorcer les tensions" en ajoutant que "les manifestants doivent manifester pacifiquement". L'appel avait été le même suite aux violences au Cameroun après la ré-élection de Paul Biya lors de ce mois d'octobre de paralysie électorale sur le continent. Alors que des putschistes règnent ailleurs, ces dirigeants, trompeusement désignés par la voie des urnes, ne donnaient pas plus l'impression d'opérer en démocratie. Hassan était d'ailleurs assermentée sur un site de défilé militaire, sans aucun public, entourée de troupes en uniforme. Les éclats ont été suivis par une flambée des prix tandis que plusieurs moyens de transport demeuraient paralysés. Avant même la tenue du scrutin Amnistie internationale avait condamné une "vague de terreur" contre les opposants du régime, dont plusieurs sont disparus ou ont fait l'objet de tortures. Ces pays ne sont pas les seuls où l'opposition a été écartée. Au Bénin les principaux opposants ont également été écartés quelques mois avant la présidentielle de 2026. D'ici là la Centrafrique aura elle aussi organisé son scrutin, mais encore une fois sans opposants. Ceux-ci ont fait appel au boycott de l'élection du 28 décembre, condamnant les manigances du pouvoir pour rester en poste. De manière générale "sur le continent africain, la tendance est frappante, révélant une crise de la gouvernance démocratique", soutient Héritier Brilland Ndakpanga, du Centre pour le dialogue humanitaire. La frustration est ainsi généralisée. Ce qui aboutit souvent, comme dans le cas de la Tanzanie, à des tragédies. L'ONU y exige d'ailleurs une enquête. "Les gens deviennent plus difficiles à contrôler et créent des mouvements d'opposition plus efficaces, soutient Nic Cheeseman de l'université de Birmingham. Et les gouvernements répondent avec le mécanisme qu'ils ont utilisé dans le passé, à savoir la répression".

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Nowhere to run

A warning shot?

As world leaders reacted to the snap operation which led to the capture of Venezuelan president Nicolas Maduro by U.S. forces, there was mixture of joy and concern. Joy that a long time dictator had been removed, perhaps sending a signal to others as the Ukrainian president quipped: "If you can do that with dictators, then the United States knows what to do next." But mostly concern that those wild rants about moving against foreign countries, some of which include allies, were more than the first shot in nego-tiations under the Art of the Deal. "We are a superpower, and under president Trump we are going to conduct ourselves as a superpower," warned Homeland Security advisor Stephen Miller, who has spearheaded everything from the controversial U.S. immigration crackdown to the country's aggressive foreign policy. "I think we're witnessing an act of imperialism in our hemisphere," reflected former Canadian foreign minister Lloyd Axworthy, adding the U.S president "has basically made it very clear he runs the hemisphere and will do what he wants." Even Volodymyr Zelensky had to see the removal of Maduro as troublesome, considering the message it was sending to Russia and China. The operation in Caracas very quickly turned the attention to other countries of interest mentioned by the U.S. president over time. And the list of potential targets only seemed to grow. As Maduro made his first court appearance in New York, leaders from Cuba to Iran and Mexico were condemning not only Washington's incursion but threats directed towards them by the U.S. administration. Mexico City and Bogota reacted strongly to hints the U.S. could intervene there as well to fight drug trafficking, an excuse used to get Maduro on drug charges despite the fact Washington made its intent on the oil industry plain. Colombian President Gustavo Petro dared the U.S. to mount a similar attack: "Come get me, I'm waiting," he taunted. Of greater concern perhaps was Denmark's warning that a takeover of Greenland, which belongs to a NATO member and already has important defense deals with Washington, would "be the end of everything", after Denmark's prime minister asked the U.S. president to stop provocations, including statements the US "had to have Greenland." This is all forgetting about a country Washington had recently threatened to strike if its leadership cracked down on protests taking place nationwide. In fact people waking up on Jan. 3 may have thought Iran had been the subject of US military action, not Venezuela, after the U.S. president had warned Iran, which had been the subject of previous U.S. strikes. This growing list of potential targets should come as a surprise to the president's supporters, many of whom had applauded promises of withdrawal from foreign conflicts and not becoming the world's policeman. Democratic opponents, who hope to shake up Congress in this year's mid terms, noted the Venezuela attack took place as the partial release of much-anticipated but incomplete files pertaining to late pedophile Jeffrey Epstein was dominating the headlines and at a time of low polls as millions of Americans were struggling with higher health care costs after the end of Obamacare subsidies. More confusingly the latest threats against Greenland were being uttered as the Europe and the U.S. were trying to agree on security guarantees should a force defending Ukraine come under attack. The issues may be linked, as Trump’s former Russia adviser said Moscow offered U.S. free rein in Venezuela in exchange for Ukraine. In the mean time however immediate concerns of a clash with Colombia lessened as both leaders had a phone conversation that lowered tensions and ended with an invitation to the White House. Over time every country on Washington's list, including Venezuela and Cuba, seemed to be opening up some discussion channels with the U.S. Would this, including Petro's White House visit, be serene and cordial or blow up and spiral into something like the catastrophic Oval Office meeting with Zelensky last year? Danish leaders came out of their meeting in Washington shaking their heads over Greenland. The only sure thing seemed to be the inconsistency of U.S. foreign policy as the world entered another year of instability. That term certainly seemed to describe Caracas.

Changer de tracé

Comme toutes les cartes dessinées du monde connu avant elle, celle d'un certain cartographe quinquagénaire flammand du 16e siècle avait bien ses défauts; ses terres du septentrion disproportion-nées et son Antarctique plutôt fantaisiste. Mais même à l'époque des lumières les proportions exactes relevaient encore de la science fiction et Gerardus Mercator parvenait avec ses tracés révolutionnaires à mener de nombreux marins à bon port en réussissant un exploit jusqu'alors inégalé: représenter sur une feuille de papier un globe terrestre bien rond. Son plan original, mesurant 2 mètres par 1.25m. fit eventuellement de lui le père de la catrographie moderne, capturant, selon son biographe, "l'essence de la vérité spatiale". Sa projection a depuis subi plusieurs modifications, mais demeure la norme planétaire, des cartes de Google, pourtant le champion de la vérité satellitaire, aux nombreux atlas en circulation. Mais l'exagération de l'hémisphère nord, domaine des pays les mieux nantis, n'a pas tardé à lancer le débat de la vérité cartographique sous le prisme anti-colonial. A-t-on toléré ces imperfections pendant tant de siècles uniquement parce que les Occidentaux possédaient, non les plumes ou les dactylos, mais les sextants? C'est l'accusation des pays africains, dont le continent peut paraître plus petit que le Groënland, certes la plus importante île du monde mais aux proportions démesurées, dans la projection Mercator. Par conséquent l'Union africaine apportait en août son soutien officiel à la campagne «Correct the Map» de deux organisations africaines afin de mettre fin à des siècles de mensonge cartographique en remplaçant la carte par une projection plus précise des proportions des continents. La mappemonde la plus répandue « grossit artificiellement l'Europe et l'Amérique du Nord, tout en réduisant la taille de l'Afrique d'environ la moitié, dénonce Fara Ndiaye de l'organisation Speak Up Africa. Et cette distorsion-là, elle n'est pas neutre, elle façonne notre imaginaire collectif, influence les programmes scolaires et aussi les représentations médiatiques, lorsqu'un enfant africain, notamment nos enfants africains, voient leur continent rapetissé, cela diminue aussi un certain sentiment de fierté et l'importance que cet enfant accorde à son identité. Donc finalement, pour nous, corriger la carte, c'est donc bien plus qu'une question technique, c'est un acte symbolique fort qui touche à la dignité, à la justice et au récit que nous voulons construire autour du continent africain » Cette dernière prône donc l'adoption de la version Equal Earth (voir en couverture) aux proportions plus véridiques. « Pour nous, la projection Equal Earth est un outil pédagogique qui pourrait tout à fait être utilisé dans les écoles, à travers les médias, les différentes institutions, car il permet réellement de montrer un monde équilibré où chaque continent retrouve son véritable poids, ce qui n'est pas du tout le cas de la projection Mercator ». Le débat ne date pas d'hier et a même fait l'objet d'un épisode de l'émission populaire américaine West Wing au début du siècle. De nos jours la nation de l'Oncle Sam modifie la carte à sa guise, renommant entre autre le golfe du Mexique, ce qui laisse douter qu'un président qui regrette que les musées nationaux parlent "trop de l'esclavage" aille dans le sens d'une version donnant à l'Afrique - dont plusieurs citoyens sont interdits de séjour - sa juste proportion. Pourtant d'autres ont fait le saut. La Banque mondiale a adopté l'Equal Earth, aussi connue sous le nom de Winkel-Tripel, tandis que L'Unesco préfère celle de Gall-Peters, qui corrige certaines distortions de la projection Mercator sans pour autant être parfaite. Nulles le sont ou ne peuvent l'être lorsqu'il s'agit de représenter une sphère sur une surface plane. Google a bien, grâce à ses nombreux moyens, représenté un globe en 3-D mais sans totalement abandonner Mercator. L'intelligence artificielle fera-t-elle mieux? Quoi qu'il en soit, la projection Mercator est dépassée, s'accorde à dire Mark Monmonier de l'université américaine de Syracuse “Il s'agissait d'un outil de navigation utile au 16ème siècle parce qu'il contient des lignes droites donnant une ligne de navigation constante à suivre, dit-il, mais en dehors de cette application plutôt limitée, il n'y a plus aucun intérêt à l'utiliser".

Again this year migrants from across the world will seek shelter from war, natural and humanitarian disasters, but with many nations shutting their doors, the welcome mat will in all likelihood be rare. Tightened border measures in Europe and North America will greet those managing the harrowing voyage to their promised land. But this may happen in other parts of the world too.

 

After a year of increased strife and humanitarian aid cuts, poorer nations already host to most of the world's millions of refugees are stressed to an ever greater degree and may emulate their Western counterparts by closing their borders, leaving the destitute few places to run to. This was the warning from the Danish Refugee Council late last year in an environment marked by growing anti-immigration and climate change forcing displacements to safe ground.

 

"They are now being a bit abandoned by the donors," Charlotte Slente, Secretary General of the council told Reuters of the poorer nations host to three quarters of the world's refugees. "I'm a little bit afraid for what we're going to see in terms of the reaction among these host nations, when they realize that less money will come in." Among these nations are countries the West considers sources of migration themselves, such as Uganda, increasingly left to its own devices after being a generous host for millions fleeing strife in Sudan, South Sudan and Somalia, countries specifically black listed from the U.S.'  increasingly closed borders.

 

Kampala is not alone struggling to help with little, other African countries such as Chad have also accommodated numbers unfathomable in the West, some 900,000 refugees from Sudan's continuing civil war. The UN made a call for 28 million euros in emergency funds to assist Burundi in December as it struggled to accommodate some 80,000 refugees from Congo. The ongoing conflict there has sent some 200,000 people fleeing the violence, sometimes to regions with little resources to welcome them. An official in Rumonge said the influx of some 20,000 to 25,000 refugees in that community was "catastrophic" leaving many to die of hunger.

 

NGOs have been struggling to help across the continent, seeing contributions dwindle from a number of donor countries slashing budgets, not only the U.S., but Canada and European nations as well, shoring up their defences in an increasingly tense geopolitical climate. Slente's own organization has cut some 2,000 positions and aid to a number of countries, affecting essential supplies such as nutrition help to mothers in nations from Afghanistan to Cameroon.

 

The march of militarization has left the world's poorest to fend for themselves with increasingly nowhere to go. Shortly after the council's warning Kampala signalled it would stop granting asylum and refugee status to people “not experiencing war”, including Eritrea, Somalia and Ethiopia, because of trouble securing funding. “I have instructed our officers not to give refugee status to citizens from those countries … especially those coming from Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia, because there is no war there,” said minister for refugees Hillary Onek, disappointing many who see Uganda as being among the world’s most progressive countries with regards to migration. He cited cuts by the UNHCR, affecting services in a country that hosts nearly 2 million refugees and asylum seekers, the most on the continent.

 

Similarly the UNHCR says it only has 38% of the $246 million it estimates Chad requires to respond to needs created by the Sudanese crisis next door, where the latest massacres have sent nearly 200 fleeing there each day. The funds are down across the board. By year's end the UN appealed for an aid budget of $23 billion, which may sound like a lot but is only half the size of what it had hoped for due to donor cutbacks. And the needs have become greater. "It's the cuts ultimately that are forcing us into these tough, tough, brutal choices that we're having to make," U.N. aid chief Tom Fletcher said. "We are overstretched, under-funded, and under attack. We drive the ambulance towards the fire. On your behalf. But we are also now being asked to put the fire out. And there is not enough water in the tank. And we're being shot at." 

 

Last year's call for $47 billion had already been scaled back due to the incoming US administration, and thus far only $12 bil. of that amount has been received. So the UN has decided it can only prioritize the most desperate cases, Gaza topping the list at $4 bil. with Sudan and Syria following behind. "(The appeal) is laser-focused on saving lives where the shocks hit hardest: wars, climate disasters, earthquakes, epidemics, crop failures," Fletcher said. An already substantial list to work with as trouble stirs in South America and elsewhere in early 2026.

AN ONGOING THREAT

The New Year's celebration was bittersweet in Sydney this year as thousands of revellers gathered to watch the annual fireworks only too aware the stretch of golden sand of Bondi beach had become a murder scene weeks before when a father and son duo took aim at Hannukah celebrations taking place there and killed 15 people. Parties were momentarily stopped to observe a moment of silence.

 

The duo was later found to have pledged allegiance to the Islamic State, the group that vowed to establish a "caliphate", which some mistakenly thought had gone extinct. In fact ISIS has been making something of a comeback, or more accurately, never really went away. American soldiers in Syria were killed by some of its fighters in December and terror suspects tied to the group were arrested in Toronto, Manchester, the U.S., and Istanbul, allegedly planning attacks over the holidays.

 

US fighter jets later struck ISIS positions in Syria as Washington carried out its retaliation for the attack against its servicemen, soldiers often forgotten on the frontlines of a continuing battle against terrorism lost in the noise of Ukrainian and Middle Eastern conflicts. The US administration has sought to distance itself from foreign conflicts but was finding out this is easier said than done.

 

Before that retaliation, which hit more than 70 targets, the US and its regional partners had conducted other raids in Iraq and Syria, enabling them to gather intelligence that unearthed previously unknown caches of weapons. The US has been stepping up its cooperation with Syria, now headed by a former jihadist who has joined a new anti-ISIS coalition formed in November. ISIS has been seeking to destabilize the new leadership in Syria which toppled the Al-Assad regime, and still inspires supporters around the world, including Waleed Khan, who was among three arrested in Toronto on Dec. 19 for hate-motivated crimes targeting women and the Jewish community.

 

The threat, against that community or from terrorism writ large, never appears to go away. An ISIS supporter arrested after conducting an attack in Toronto was re-arrested after his release for vowing to mount a new attack. Then days before Christmas two men were found guilty of planning an ISIS-inspired attack in England that would have targeted hundreds of members of the Jewish community. The suspects "hero-worshipped" the authors of the Bataclan attack that killed 130 in Paris a decade earlier, considering it "the biggest operation after that of Osama" bin Laden in 2001.

 

Since the Bondi attack, the SITE intelligence group says ISIS has encouraged Muslims to conduct copy-cat attacks, singling out Belgium in particular, where the Bataclan attackers hailed from. The group has reportedly been flooding social media with this sort of murderous propaganda. "Terrorism breeds in squalid corners of the internet where poisonous ideologies, of whatever sort, meet volatile, often chaotic individual lives," warned Ken McCallum, head of Britain's MI5. This evil source of their inspiration is still active on the ground after years of being pursued by Western forces.

 

"ISIS is still active in central Syria," told the BBC Syria expert Andrew Tabler of the Washington Institute for Near East policy. "The US, the (new) Sharaa government and the Syrian Democratic Forces are going to be fighting against ISIS for some time." Damascus says it wants to make sure the group "has no safe havens on Syrian territory, and will continue to intensify military operations against it wherever it poses a threat" going so far as to allow soldiers of the coalition to operate in any part of the country in the fight. But that fight is being waged in all corners of the planet.

 

The Christmas Day arrest of some 115 suspects accused of planning attacks across Turkiye uncovered caches of weapons and ammunition, authorities saying attacks had been planned for Christmas Day and New Year's celebrations. The arrest came days after Turkish intelligence agents conducted a raid against an ISIS group on the Afghanistan Pakistan border. The global impact of ISIS terrorism was top of mind a decade ago when a global coalition was set up to fight the terror group.

 

In 2024 the US sought to put an end to its participation after seeing its bases in Iraq and Syria targeted. But US engagement is far from done even after the latest attacks. In fact days before the new year US forces targeted ISIS backed militants in Nigeria with the support of Nigerian forces, a sign of continuing engagement in view of the persistent threats the group poses in every corner of the planet. The United Nations says the group still has between 5,000 and 7,000 fighters in Syria and Iraq.

UNE MINISTRE PAS COMME LES AUTRES

L'annonce du gouvernment albanais a créé des ondes de choc à travers le continent, et au-delà. Il n'est pas si rare qu'une ministre tombe enceinte en poste, mais de là parler de 83 enfants il y avait de quoi créer un certain émerveillement. Impossible? L'intelligence artificielle a depuis quelques années subjugé ce mot, et il s'agit d'ailleurs d'IA. C'est de sa ministre IA dont il était question, non une ministre affectée à ce domaine comme il en existe ailleurs mais une ministre justement pas en chair et en os qui est le produit de l'IA et participe pleinement aux réunions du cabinet albanais.

 

En poste depuis le début de l'automne, Diella se prépare à "enfanter" de nouveaux collègues qui vont s'emparer d'autres dossiers, des appels d'offre à la santé. C'était le tout dernier éclat de ce petit pays des Balkans qui depuis la pandémie multiplie l'innovation en terme de services publics. Ceux-ci sont d'ailleurs presque exclusivement digitaux explique Romina Kostani, directrice de la coordination de l'agenda digital dans ce pays de 2,7 million d'habitants.

 

Comme d'autres citoyens, les Albanais étaient cloîtrés chez eux pendant l'explosion du covid, qui a donné lieu au développement de plusieurs services digitaux et virtuels, en faisant  la norme. Des campagnes d'adaptation ont été lancées pour faciliter l'accès à ces services numériques, qui font loi et ont avec le temps rendu l'ascension de Diella, à l'origine chargée des décisions relatives aux appels d’offres des marchés publics.

 

Ainsi ce processus serait «exempt de corruption à 100 %» et permet une transparence inégalée dans un pays où elle a souvent fait défaut. «Diella est le premier membre (du gouvernement) qui n’est pas présent physiquement, mais créé virtuellement par intelligence artificielle » déclarait en septembre le nouveau gouvernment élu en mai.  C'était une promotion pour Diella, qui était déjà connue du public, ayant été l'assistante virtuelle de la plateforme officielle e-Albania.

 

Un pas en avant pour l'IA mais un recul pour les femmes? C'est en partie ce que prétendent certains qui n'ont pas nécessairement accueilli cette arrivée d'un bon oeil. Sylvie Boreau, enseignante en marketing éthique, dénonce dans les pages de la Conversation "une fémini-sation quasi systématique des avatars IA. Cette pratique trompeuse qui entretient les stéréotypes de genre perpétue l’objectification des femmes et facilite la manipulation." Le pays a bien proposé une "initiative inédite" qui marque "une étape historique" ajoutant que "la promesse est séduisante. Elle paraît offrir une garantie d’impar-tialité dans un pays où les scandales de corruption entachent la vie politique."

 

Mais Boreau pose la question: pourquoi, de Siri à Alexa, les IA sont-elles souvent féminines? Elle ajoute au compte, Sofia, moins connue, ce premier robot ayant obtenu la nationalité saoudienne. "Ce n’est pas un hasard, dit-elle, cette féminisation s’appuie sur des stéréotypes bien ancrés : la femme serait « naturellement » plus douce, attentive et empathique." Bonjour les stéréotypes de femme pure, obéissante et dévouée, ses formes IA souvent d'ailleurs victimes de propos agressifs à charactère sexuel.

 

Boreau propose donc, non d'humaniser mais d'assumer ce genre de solution "comme une nouvelle espèce technologique : ni homme ni femme, ni humaine ni divine, mais un outil distinct, pensé pour compléter nos capacités et non pour les imiter." Le débat est ainsi ouvert, et il ne s'agit pas d'être pour ou contre l'IA, qui s'empare de nos vies, mais: "comment voulons-nous représenter l’IA ? Alors que ces technologies occupent une place croissante dans nos vies, il est urgent de réfléchir à la façon dont leur représentation façonne nos démocraties et nos relations humaines." Et ce à une époque, troublante peut-être pour certains, où l'IA est allée jusqu'à remplacer l'âme soeur. 

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LES RARES APPUIS DE TAIPEI

Dans certains coins du monde qu'un dirigeant s'accroche au pouvoir pendant un quart de siècle en dit long sur la faiblesse des institutions démocratiques,  mais à St Vincent et les Grenadines le règne de Ralph Gonsalves n'avait rien de douteux.

 

Certes c'était un proche de Maduro au Venezuela et de Díaz-Canel à la Havane, puis il y avait bien ces accusations de corruption qui accompagnent ordinairement l'usure du pouvoir. Mais les observateurs s'accordent à dire que ses mandats étaient plutôt mérités que falsifiés, et lorsque le vétéran de 79 ans a été évincé lors de l'élection de l'automne, c'était sans contestation.

 

Après l'élection, son parti a simplement tiré sa révérence en publiant sur les médias sociaux un message déclarant: "On vous aime SVG (St Vincent et les Grenadines), et nous continuerons à travailler pour vous. Ce n'est pas une fin mais le début". Pendant ce temps les supporters du Nouveau parti démocrate vainqueur défilaient dans les rues organisant un faux cortège funèbre, prononçant la mort du régime de Gonsalves.

 

L'alternance trouvait enfin sa place entre les collines de Kingstown, ancienne ville de la couronne britannique. Mais l'impact de cette élection pourrait-il se faire sentir à quelques milliers de kilomètres? Alors que Gonsalves privilégiait les échanges avec Taïwan, rares si l'on pense aux efforts de l'empire du milieu afin d'isoler l'île qu'elle revendique, le nouveau maître de Kingstown, Godwin Friday, préconise un rapprochement sans doute plus lucratif avec Pékin.

 

Taïpei pourrait-elle perdre, encore une fois, un de ses rares alliés à l'étranger? Sa présence sur l'île est bien visible, de l'ancien aéroport près de la capitale, devenu un centre d'achat qui fait face à un hôpital dont la construction a été rendue possible par la générosité taïwanaise où flotte le pavillon de Formose, au nouvel aéroport, dont la conception et la construction ont été en partie rendues possible par des firmes représentant la descendance de Tchan Kai Chek.

 

Taïpei a été parmi les premières capitales à féliciter Friday, dont la plateforme ne faisait cependant pas appel à une rupture des liens, soucieuse de tout changement de cap même dans ce coin tranquille de la planête. Taïwan surveillait également deux autres élections au sein de pays avec lesquels les allégiances pouvaient changer.

 

Les deux candidats principaux au Honduras étaient en faveur de renouer les liens avec Taïpei, rompus en 2023, tandis que St Lucie, une autre îles des Caraïbes reconnaissant Taïwan, allait également aux urnes en décembre. Le suspense y fut cependant de courte durée puisque le premier ministre sortant, Philip J. Pierre y a été reconduit, prenant 14 des 15 sièges de l'assemblée. Taïwan a pu souffler quelque peu, ayant vu le nombre de pays alliés chuter de 22 à 12 lors de la dernière décennie, conservant ses quatre appuis dans les Caraïbes. Pour l'instant.​​

WHAT NOW FOR NATO?

His party freshly elected, but without a majority, Christian Democratic leader Friedrich Merz wasted no time plunging into the debates consuming Europe as the Ukrainian war began a new year, specifically wondering whether NATO, as we know it, without the usual strong US backing, is on its last legs. The issue never seemed more pressing than after the disastrous exchange between the Ukrainian and US presidents during a visit they were supposed to reach a mineral agreement. Instead the Oval office encounter descended into a shouting match which set the relationship back at a time Kyiv, and by extension Europe, was becoming more vulnerable.

 

The Atlantic alliance had been through crises before, its very need questioned at the end of the Cold War, before new crises emerged, and old ones re-emerged. But now, although needed more than ever, Washington's isolationist posture and overtures to Russia caused alarm, and at the same time prompted questions about why the old continent had not moved more aggressively to bolster its own ranks and capabilities, especially after Russia's previous aggression in 2014. The likely new chancellor of the economic power at the heart of Europe committed to supporting Ukraine and bolster its defenses even before getting into the challenge that is coalition-building.

 

"My absolute priority will be to strengthen Europe as quickly as possible so that, step by step, we can really achieve independence from the USA," he said as electoral results were trickling in. Left to shape a coalition after obtaining 29% of the votes, Merz replaces center-left chancellor Olaf Scholz, whose Social Democrats registered a historic low of 16% after his government collapsed last fall, prompting the early vote. Snap elections have been the norm with other G7 partners, including France and, quite likely, Canada.

 

Like France, Germany has been jolted by an upswing of hard right votes, the Alternative for Germany finishing second with 20% of support, doubling its previous score - the highest score registered by such parties since WWII. But for now it is likely to remain ostracized by mainstream parties. Especially on the matter of supporting Ukraine, the latter speak with one voice. "There is a consensus that... funding for Ukraine has to continue," says Gesine Weber of the German Marshall Fund. "The AfD can on the short term most likely not influence it because there is a large majority of parliamentarians (supporting Ukraine), however the AfD might be able to influence public discourse as the biggest opposition party and then we must see whether there is an impact on public support."

 

The coalition will require weeks to take shape, but Merz, who is trying to get this done by Easter, is determined not to leave a void at such a critical time. European leaders are concerned Moscow and Washington are trying to work a deal to end the war with unfavorable terms for Ukraine, causing uncertainty for the continent as a whole for years to come. This concern grew after the White House clash, but Germany, like other European countries, voiced support for Kyiv.

 

"Germany together with our European allies stand united alongside Ukraine and against the Russian aggression, their defense for democracy and their quest for peace and security in ours," it stated. The first month of the second Trump administration alone has, to say the least, been trying for European leaders, wary of tariffs as well as security disengagement in Europe, while the US shows an unhealthy interest in Greenland. "I would never have thought that I would have to say something like this in a TV show but.. it is clear that this government does not care much about the fate of Europe," Merz said. "We are under such massive pressure from two sides that my absolute priority now really is to create unity in Europe."

 

This was almost putting Russia and the US in the same category, and at the UN that certainly seemed to be the case, the US joining Moscow by voting against a resolution condemning Russia's war. Other countries of the continent and alliance wasted no time showing their will to keep supporting Ukraine, France, the UK and even Canada raising the possibility of sending troops to back a ceasefire. There has even been mention of creating a nuclear umbrella for the continent. Turkiye, a member of NATO, was also hoping to have a role in whatever new defense strategy Europe would develop. Regardless of any mineral deals with Ukraine, the White House signaled it would be for Europe to provide security guarantees. These important future investments required in defence will not come cheap.

 

The sluggish German economy has already been a major issue of the election. Another hot topic was immigration as the campaign was marked by a number of violent incidents involving Islamist newcomers, including one attack the last week of the campaign, boosting the fortunes of the AfD, which also counted on the repeated support of US billionaire Elon Musk during the campaign in outbursts German officials have condemned as political interference. Merz criticized this after the election, but hopes Berlin and Washington can still enjoy close ties. The fate of some 35,000 US servicemen in the country, at a time of American disengagement, was anyone's guess. This weekend, days after meeting in Ukraine to voice support for Kyiv, European leaders and Justin Trudeau gathered in another summit in London, announcing a four point plan to defend Ukraine and end the war. Using a formula made famous during the Gulf War, the 18 leaders looked to develop a "coalition of the willing". One that would still need US backing however.

BRACING FOR 2.0

Officially the transfer of power in the United States was on January the 20th. But by then the incoming U.S. administration had gradually set the stage for the president's turbulent next four years. Well before inauguration day, Europe, China and the U.S.'s neighbors were threatened with tariffs and the returning leader had toyed with the idea of seizing the Panama Canal, buying Greenland and making Canada the 51st state, leaving analysts to wonder how this combination of aggression and ridicule would shape the years ahead.

 

Allies were preparing to welcome the new administration with a list of retaliatory tariffs and higher defense budgets to secure the world's largest island as observers pondered how many battles Washington was willing to wage at once and whether this would cause distractions from other pressing crises. But were these still allies, bullied despite their NATO membership in the fashion of the Art of the Deal? The turbulence hit the beltway first and foremost, where lawmakers initially struggled to pass legislation extending funding and averting another government shutdown. 

While they were controlling both houses and the Supreme Court, Republicans were in fact divided and fighting amongst themselves in the lead up to the transition, sparking concerns as the new lead up to mid-terms gets underway. By then the look of American and world politics is anyone's guess.

 

In the days before the presidential transition, anticipating a vengeful final mandate by the businessman, outgoing leader Joe Biden, who had nearly disappeared from the world stage since stepping down as a candidate, raced to pardon his son and a number of prisoners on death row, secured more financing for Ukraine and made pre-emptive moves to protect certain categories of immigrants. He managed to secure an 11th-hour ceasefire in Gaza which would be for his successor to nurture.

 

Meanwhile controversy swirled over Trump's cabinet picks, leaving him to rethink his initial choice of attorney general, a former congressman facing criminal charges after a House Ethics Committee report alleged he potentially committed crimes, including statutory rape. Trump himself received a light sentence for his conviction in the Stormy Daniels affair. Joining the cast of characters was  so-called efficiency czar Elon Musk, whose provocative social media posts were being investigated by the UK's counter-terrorism unit amid concerns the billionaire was looking to destabilize the Labour government.

 

The Trump adviser labelled British Safeguarding minister Jess Phillips a "rape genocide apologist" and said she should be jailed. Phillips told the BBC that such "disinformation" was "endangering" her, amid reports she was being shadowed by security in her displacements. Germany was no less alarmed by the dual US-Canadian citizen's propping of extreme right wing party AfD.

 

In his farewell address Biden warned the US threatened to become an "oligarchy" run by billionaires. Meanwhile the southern California fires failed to do what natural disasters usually do, and that is unite Americans to support the survivors. Instead the inferno gave way to finger-pointing by the president-elect,  blaming the Democratic governor for his response and raising the possibility of making disaster relief conditional. The battle for 2028 it seems has already begun.

 

Meanwhile neighbors Canada and Mexico, who have sent firefighters and water bombers to fight the flames, showed the true spirit of regional cooperation, as an administration bent on admonishing them takes over.

GROËNLAND LIBRE?

Après avoir fait bien rire tout le monde, elle a eu un autre effet cette idée saugrenue d'acheter le Groënland, l'ile la plus importante au monde regorgeant de ressources naturelles, comme les Etats-Unis auraient pu le faire avec la Louisiane ou l'Alaska: celui de donner un nouvel élan à cette ancienne idée de se séparer de la couronne danoise.

 

Avec ses nouvelles connections aériennes, ses ressources encore intouchées et sa position stratégique alors que la planête se réchauffe, ce territoire de 57000 habitants avoisinnant le Canada serait peu peuplé certes, mais plus que d'autres pays insulaires de la planête. Le Tuvalu en compte à peine 10000, pas bien moins que le Nauru ou Palau encore, isolés du monde dans leurs confins océaniques.

 

"Il est temps de prendre un pas et de former notre avenir, ainsi que de décider avec qui nous allons coopérer et développer des partenariats commerciaux", déclara le premier ministre Mute Egede lors de son allocution du nouvel an. L'idée d'indépendance a fait du progrès depuis 1953 quand l'ile a cessé d'être une colonie danoise pour éventuellement établir son propre parlement. Il y a deux ans le Groënland proposait une première ébauche de constitution.

 

"Il nous est venu le temps de prendre le prochain pas, dit-il. Comme d'autres pays dans le monde nous devons oeuvrer afin de retirer les obstacles à la coopération - que nous pouvons décrire à titre de boulets du colonialisme - et aller de l'avant."

 

La proposition de Donald Trump, la seconde en six ans visant le Groënland, a provoqué une levée des boucliers à Copenhague, qui a aussitôt décerné plus d'un milliard d'euros à la défense du territoire de 2 millions de kilomètres carrés, un geste symbolique qui en préparait peut-être un autre.

 

Plus récemment la première ministre danoise affirmait que "Le Groënland est aux Groënlandais," une déclara-tion qui a fait plaisir aux sécessionsistes. L'Europe n'a pas tardé à réagir également à ces déclarations expansi-onnistes délirantes, s'engageant à protéger ce terrain jusqu'à tout récemment plutôt ignoré.

 

L'ile est sujette à toutes les convoitises, hébergeant une base militaire et regorgeant de plusieurs minéraux recherchés par les grandes puissances, notamment des matières  associées aux technologies de pointe. Mais pour l'instant le Groënland tente de développer son tourisme et dépend toujours de la pêche et des versements généreux du petit royaume européen. 

 

Alors que les citoyens doivent se présenter aux urnes en avril aucune date n'a encore été fixée en vue d'un éventuel référendum sur la question, que propose de soumettre au peuple éventuellement le jeune premier ministre de 37 ans. En attendant la Russie suit avec intérêt les déclarations américaines sur le Groënland, elle qui considère l'Arctique comme sa chasse gardée, y versant des milliards en investissements malgré les sanctions et la guerre en Ukraine. Les enjeux pourraient vite s'y déplacer.

THE FIGHT FOR TURKIYE

In an age where authoritarian regimes are seeing their influence rise, some populations are willing to stand up for democratic rights and confront the strongmen of the world at a time freedoms are being restricted in many countries. The most impressive protests in a dozen years have been sweeping Turkiye after opposition figure and Istanbul mayor Ekrem Imamoglu was arrested days before he was to be nominated as the opposition Republican People’s Party’s presidential candidate, years before an expected challenge to the decades-long rule of President Recep Tayyip Erdogan.

 

Hundreds were arrested as protesters clashed with police in major cities across the country in the most important unrest since 2013, leaving some demonstrators dead. Erdogan has become increasingly authoritarian over the years, and while the government denied any involvement in the decision, pointing to the independence of the judiciary, the strongman's hand could not be far removed from the stated accusations of links to corruption and terror organizations. Imamoglu denied the allegations and called them politically motivated.

 

"I will never bow", he said after being remanded in custody - pending trial. The sidelining of political opponents has been common practice in countries such as Belarus and Russia, where Alexei Navalny died in a penal colony just over a year ago, after years of being a thorn in Vladimir Putin's side. Belarus opposition leader Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya took on the role after her husband, Syarhei Tsikhanou-ski was arrested after running in the 2020 presidential election against strongman and Putin ally Aleksandr Lukashenko.

 

The man often called Europe's last dictator is beginning his seventh term in office after January elections broadly seen as neither free not fair. Not without irony he claimed Belarus "has its own standards for holding elections, which can become an international benchmark." Ten Belarusian human rights groups stated that the vote was "held in a deep human rights crisis, in an atmosphere of total fear caused by repressions against civil society, independent media, the opposition, and all dissenters."

 

Imamoglu's arrest sparked widespread protest, notably at universities, who engaged in boycott and faced violent crackdowns. Over 1500 people were arrested within days including dozens of journalists, increasing concerns about the fate of democracy in such a key strategic NATO member the West is relying on this stand up to Putin. Reporters Without Borders denounced the journalists' arrests as "scandalous", local repre-sentative Erol Onderoglu saying it "reflects a very serious situation in Turkey".

 

The leader of Imamoglu’s Republican People’s Party, or CHP, Ozgur Ozel, met with the incarcerated mayor in a West Istanbul prison, emerging to state he was “ashamed on behalf of those who govern Turkey of the atmosphere I am in and the situation that Turkey is being put through.” With two other CHP district mayors languishing behind bars, he spoke of “three lions inside, standing tall, with their heads held high … proud of themselves, their families, their colleagues, not afraid.”

 

With Imamoglu removed from the post after his arrest, prosecutors asked for his posters to be removed from public spaces, but supporters defiantly said more portraits of the suspended mayor would appear across the capital shortly. “You will see more of Mayor Ekrem on the balconies of houses, in squares, on the streets and on the walls,” the head of the CHP’s Istanbul branch said on social media. Imamoglu, 47, denied the charges against him, which included suspicion of running a criminal organization, accepting bribes, extortion, illegally recording personal data and bid-rigging.

 

The U.N. Human Rights Office condemned “widespread detentions” and asked that “all those detained for the legitimate exercise of their rights must be released immediately and unconditionally.” While the presidential election isn't scheduled for another three years there are rumors Erdogan may move them up to secure another term and extend his 22 years in power.

 

Carnegie Europe says growing democratic crackdowns of the sort in a number of countries show that “autocrats and would-be autocrats” are “much more connected in their policies and goals than we have been assuming,” adding that these leaders are “sniffing the change in the geopolitical air, and reckoning they’re on the cusp of a new era.”  That slide toward autocracy indeed seems quantifiable. According to Sweden's V-Dem Institute the world counted more autocracies in 2024, defined  as governments with “insuf-ficient” levels of democratic freedoms, than democracies for the first time in more than two decades, 45 in all were “autocratizing” last year.

ENCORE DÉCHIRÉ 

Déjà divisé afin de mettre un terme à la guerre en 2011, le Soudan pourrait-il être scindé à nouveau alors que se prolonge le plus récent conflit à le décimer depuis plus d'un an? C'est un scénario de plus en plus probable alors que l'armée reprend le contrôle de la capitale près de deux ans après le début des éclats avec les Forces de soutien rapide.

 

Cette reprise est plutôt symbolique car le FSR domine le paysage au sud et à l'ouest du pays de 50 millions d'habitants, notamment la région du Darfour qui avait tant fait parler du Soudan lors des atrocités des décennies précédentes. Celles-ci se poursuivent toujours, tout comme les massacres qui ont fait des dizaines de milliers de victimes ces dernières années, laissant plus de la moitié de la population entière dans le besoin urgent.

 

Le FSR travaille depuis quelque temps déjà sur un projet de gouvernement parallèle, comme il peut en exister dans cet autre pays instable de la région, la Libye. Ce gouvernement aurait pignon sur rue à Nyala, une importante ville du Darfour, et serait en mesure d'imprimer sa propre monnaie et son propre passeport.

 

Cette perspective alarme les instances internationales dont l'Union africaine et les Nations unies, alors que certains pays de la région, dont le Kenya, semblent plutôt approuver un tel projet. L'UA a partagé sa "condamnation" d'une telle division, soulignant les dangers de partition du pays. Etats-Unis et Union européenne ont également affiché leur opposition, une rare occasion de trouver une ligne commune étant données les tensions actuelles.

 

L'UE a réitéré son "engagement en vue de l'unité et de l'integrité territoriale du Soudan", craignant que le projet ne mette en péril les aspirations démocratiques de ses citoyens.  Le RSF s'est engagé à créer un état laïc et non centralisé, déclarant la "naissance d'un nouveau Soudan". Selon Jonas Horner du European Council of Foreign Relations une telle division "ne ferait que reconfigurer le conflit" tout en destabilisant davantage le pays.

 

En attendant la région elle-même baigne dans l'instabilité, le Tchad voisin se disant préoccupé par "des menaces explicites à l'égard de la sécurité et de l'intégrité territoriale" de la part de Khartoum, des "propos irresponsables qui peuvent être interprêtés comme une déclaration de guerre." Le Tchad accuse le Soudan de le menacer d'instabilité en orchestrant des rébellions tout en appuyant le groupe extrémiste Boko Haram.

 

Anciennement partie du Soudan, le Soudan du sud plonge également dans la crise, l'Allemagne y fermant son ambassade en raison de l'instabilité qui place le pays "au bord de la guerre civile". Selon Berlin le président Salva Kiir et son rival le vice président Riek Machar ''sont en train de plonger le pays dans une spirale de violence". Ce sont des tensions dans le nord du pays entre les troupes gouvernementales et les rebelles qui agitent  le pays.

 

Les tensions grimpent "notamment alors que nous approchons des élections et alors que la compétition politique augmente entre les joueurs principaux," selon le représentant de l'ONU Nicholas Haysom. Le manque de confiance entre Machar et Kiir en est largement responsable selon lui. "La désinformation et les discours haineux font monter la tension d'un cran et creusent les divisions ethniques et augmentent les craintes, nous devons conclure que le Soudan du sud risque de replonger dans une guerre civile."

THE CUTS THAT RUN DEEP

When it hasn't been targeting countries directly with tariffs and intimidation tactics, the new US administration has impacted nations around the world by proceeding with massive internal changes to its bureaucracy, slashing staff and budgets in departments ranging from foreign aid to health agencies, disrupting everything from humanita-rian supplies to monitoring diseases at a time a number of them are threatening vulnerable populations, including Americans.

 

The budgetary measures have admittedly gone too far in some areas, cuts to units monitoring Ebola and bird flu, at a time the latter has made victims in the US and decimated chicken stocks, having been reversed after stunning international observers and alarming experts. More recently the USDA, which among things supports education, child development and food security in poor countries, was forced to hire back all 6,000 of its fired workers.

 

The White House's announcement it was pulling out of the World Health Organization, at a time a new covid variant has been raising concern in China and a disease in Congo has lethally spread, killing dozens within hours, has left physicians across the world fearing the worst, including a possible failure to prevent a future pandemic. The result is changing the image of the US into that of an unreliable health or defense partner, disrupting international systems and hampering  cooperation on a number of levels.

 

Weather experts in Canada say they are having a hard time hearing from their NOAA counterparts, the sharing of information, so critical to developing detailed forecasts, with implications on both sides of the border, having been severed. Likewise cuts expected at the Environmental Protection Agency have sparked concern of not being able to prevent future disasters in shared waterways. This upheaval is taking place as Washington's decision to pull out of the Paris climate accord, not for the first time, has also alarmed countries battling against global warming, doubly concerned about America's determination to slash mitigation budgets and increase its reliance on fossil fuels as it seeks to power energy-hungry data centres at the heart of the Artificial Intelligence revolution.

 

Among all the measures impacting organizations well beyond the beltway, cutting USAID and US foreign aid in general, slashing some $60 billion in funding, had an immediate effect on the ground, stopping the delivery of medical and food supplies in countries in a state of emergency. Among them, Congo will see aid group Action Against Hunger no longer be able to treat tens of thousands of malnourished children this Spring, putting them in “mortal danger.”

 

In Ethiopia this means an end to food assistance for more than 1 million people, according to the Tigray Disaster Risk Management Commission, while in South Sudan, the International Rescue Committee said it closed a project providing access to quality health care and nutrition services to more than 115,000 people.

 

From Afghanistan to the Philippines everything from food aid to health care and other supports have been terminated, ending America's reputation as a humanitarian benefactor while curtailing its ability to develop a capital of sympathy. Upheaval and dismissals at the US' intelligence agencies is also hampering international intelligence cooperation, and the White House's picks of director of national intelligence and director of the FBI "will likely force key U.S. regional allies – like Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan – to (partially) shift away from Washington’s network and establish intelligence pacts outside of Trump’s influence," according to a critique in The Diplomat.

 

Asia is not alone to be concerned about the future of key intelligence alliances, threats by a US official to remove Canada from the Five Eyes also sparking questions about Washington's divisive moves since January 20th. The decision to temporarily suspend US intelligence to Ukraine, along with military aid, possibly as a negotiating tactic to force Volodymyr Zelensky to the negotiating table, also showed how quickly Washington could change its stance and alter alliances. This has in turn left some allies to consider limiting intelligence with a partner increasingly cosy with Moscow.

 

Cuts to the US Agency for Global Media, which funds  pro-democracy media outlets, likewise had global implications, the silencing of networks such as Voice of America and Radio Free Europe undoing decades of efforts to combat authoritarian propaganda at a time of growing misinformation. Sometimes it wasn't cuts hampering business but the inability of public servants to do their work that had an impact far and wide.

 

Under new rules millions of them were forced to abandon telework and returned to offices which were often not ready to receive them. According to CNN in one Department of Health and Human Services office there was no Wi-Fi or even full electricity and other offices were missing desks and other key equipments. More uncertainty about cuts and budgets with consequences across the world came from the courts, actively engaged in reviewing impacts to US department budgets. While a court decision ultimately allowed USAID cuts to continue, Supreme Court justices rejected the administration's emergency request to freeze nearly $2 billion in foreign aid.

 

Another judge later ordered thousands of federal workers to be reinstated. Other court battles are pending. The result of all this is a cataclysm of uncertainty affecting support programs across the globe in unsettled times, and transforming the image of a country which once valued soft power influence.

A LA DÉRIVE

Elles voguent au large de Panama, du Nauru ou de l'Australie, mais font toutes face au même défi, celui d'être englouties progressi-vement par la montée des eaux liée aux changements climatiques. Certaines de ces îles ont déjà commencé le déménagement de leurs populations, malgré la résistance farouche de certains résidents de longue date dont la culture est liée à cette terre ancestrale.

 

D'autres tentent par tous les moyens de trouver une solution, souvent coûteuse, parfois ingénieuse, à l'énigme climatique de notre époque. Les réfugiés du climat font partie de l'actualité, notam-ment en  Australie, où l'on prépare déjà l'évacuation des iles Coco, menacées comme de nombreuses îles du monde par l'érosion des côtes.

 

Ces 27 petits atolls à presque 3000 kilomètres de la côte ouest de l'Australie abritent quelques 600 habitants dont on propose la relocalisation lors des prochaines décennies, l'option la plus «viable pour protéger les vies d'une manière socialement, économiquement et écologi-quement respectueuse» selon un rapport du gouvernement, qui ne précise pas la destination.

 

Face à une montée de eaux de l'ordre de 18 centimètres d'ici 2030, les élus régionaux regrettent que le gouvernement n'envisage pas des stratégies à long terme qui permettraient de rester sur place, n'excluant pas des recours devant les tribunaux. Il ne s'agit pour l'instant que d'une proposition, mais ce genre de transfert n'est pas sans précédent. Les îles Fiji ont déjà relocalisé des centaines de leurs communautés depuis une décennie. De plus l'an dernier l'Australie concluait un traité avec le Tuvalu permettant à ses habitants le droit de vivre down under si le pays devenait invivable.

 

A l'autre bout du monde la relocalisation de l'île panaméenne de Gardi Sugdub ne s'est pas faite sans résistance. Alors que 1000 personnes ont quitté cette communauté de cabanes de bois et de tôle collées les unes sur les autres l'an dernier, 100 autres sont restées, incapables de trouver où se loger sur le continent ou refusant de quitter la maison de leur enfance. Première île à subir ce sort dans la région, il ne s'agira pas de la dernière puisque selon les experts la plupart des îles de la Guna devront être relocalisées dans l'avenir.

 

Au large du Sierra Leone, même désespoir face au besoin d'abandonner l'île de Nyangai. Peu de coins du monde sont épargnés. Mais souvent il s'agit de pays entiers menacés par les flots. Longtemps symbole des effets des changements climatiques et de la montée des eaux, le Vanuatu a vu le niveau de la mer augmenter autour de l'archipel de 6 millimètres par an entre 1990 et 2010, soit bien plus rapidement que la moyenne mondiale.

 

Et la tendance n'y est pas à la baisse. Ce pays insulaire de 10000 habitants, tout comme d'autres tels la Papouasie-Nouvelle Guinée ou la Micronésie, auraient déjà perdu «plus de 1% de leur PIB en raison de la montée des eaux», selon Rosanne Martyr, de l'institut Climate Analytics. Le Vanuatu ainsi que d'autres sont par conséquent à la recherche de «solutions de financement climatique afin de construire des infrastructures résilientes» selon un ministre.

 

Possiblement à l'instar du Fiji, un genre de marché d'obligations vertes pour obtenir des fonds en vue de développer des projets environnementaux. D'autres états du Pacifique ont choisi de taxer les combustibles fossiles. Le Nauru quant à lui monnaye depuis novembre sa nationalité pour financer un déménagement futur de sa population menacée par la montée des eaux, malgré les risques associés à ce système de «passeport doré».

LE VOISIN INFLUENT

Il s'agit d'un des grands attraits de la capitale laotienne, le marché à ciel ouvert de nuit à deux pas du mythique Mekong dans cette région relativement tranquille de l'Asie du sud-est. Pas loin des nombreux temples scintillants surveillés par des bonzes vêtus de robes couleur safran et des bouddhas de bronze, il expose ses nombreux étalages multicolores quotidiennement, mais le choix offert ne semble pas émouvoir un visiteur chinois logé au V hotel à quelques rues: "c'est à 90% du vêtement" se plaint-il.

 

En effet peu d'artisanat local mais des montagnes de chemises, vestes et autres accoutrements, produits du voisin vietnamien entre autre, mais surtout portant des étiquettes en chinois. Ce pays de 7 millions d'habitants n'a pas besoin d'un rappel de sa géographie fragile, coincé entre les grandes nations que sont la Thaïlande, la Chine et le Vietnam, d'où provient la grande majorité de ces tristes produits marqués "New York", "Paris" ou "Sanamonica" à l'orthographe douteuse, semblables à ce que l'on peut retrouver partout ailleurs.

 

L'influence, l'invasion silencieuse diront certains, du "parrain" voisin, prend plusieurs formes au Laos, notamment avec ses projets de "nouvelle route de la soie", ici comme ailleurs. Déjà elle remplace l'architecture du protectorat français d'antan par des développements massifs des temps modernes, avec ses centres d'achats et immeubles commerciaux sans charme poussant comme des champignons, résultat d'une spéculation chinoise dopée par son importante diaspora, le "réseau de bambou".

 

Le train à grande vitesse qui a considérablement réduit le trajet de Vientiane à Luang Prabang, l'ancienne capitale, est un petite tronçon d'une ligne reliant la Chine à la Thaïlande qui ne fait que passer par ce pays d'arrière pensée, comme il pouvait l'être perçu à l'époque par les maitres d'Indochine. Le projet titanesque, que n'aurait jamais pu se payer le Laos, comme tant de projets de l'initiative ceinture et route, a été financé à 70% par la Chine, le reste revenant à Vientiane, en passant par une banque évidemment chinoise. Les projets du genre sont nombreux, posant entre autre des barrages sur les cours d'eau en vue de faire du Laos "la batterie de l'Asie du sud-est" en exportant sont électricité. Mais du coup en augmentant sa dépendance envers l'empire du milieu.

 

"Quand les Chinois pissent dans le Mekong ça coule sur nous" a un jour prononcé un proche du régime laotien. Cette invasion est d'autant plus importante au marché de nuit au long du quai Fa Ngum, produits après produits provenant du grand frère au-delà des montagnes plutôt que de l'artisanat lao. Le Laos n'est pas le seul à faire face à cette avalanche de produits bon marché. La region entière souffre de ce déversement de produits chinois, de Ho Chi Minh ville à Bangkok en passant par Jakarta, pourtant plutôt éloignée.

 

La raison principale de ce dumping se doit notamment au ralentissement de la consommation chinoise. Résultat: une chute de produits manufacturés de l'ordre de 11% en Thaïlande ces dernières années alors que l'industrie indonésienne du textile a perdu des milliers d'emplois selon le magazine Economist.

 

Ces pays ont décidé de répliquer en imposant des taxes à l'importation ou en limitant, voire interdisant les achats sur les sites de commerce électronique des géants chinois. Ces mesures protectionnistes ont connu plus ou moins de succès ailleurs, les plus récentes ayant été annoncées aux Etats-Unis, un pays qui menace également d'imposer des tarifs contre l'Asie du sud-est pour corriger sa balance commerciale.

 

Le flot chinois reste malgré tout difficile à arrêter, la zone de l'Association des nations de l'Asie du Sud-Est ayant conclu une entente de libre-échange avec la Chine il y a plus de 20 ans. Puis ce dumping permet aux étalages de Vientiane d'offrir des produits plus abordables dans un des pays les plus pauvres de la région. Triste consolation.

LASHING BACK

The scene was quite moving. On a mid-September day over 100,000 Canadians packed Parliament Hill to honour their neighbors in their darkest hour, a gathering so unique it was eventually marked on a bubble gum card. A few years after that tribute to 9-11, fans were booing the US national anthem at hockey games in protest of the war against Iraq. Relations between the US and Canada have had their ups and downs.

 

This Winter before tariffs were even in effect on goods exported to the US the damage was already done between the two, even three North American neighbors. Canadians and Americans booed each other's national anthems at sports events and snowbirds cancelled their trips south while a Buy Canadian movement was hard to distinguish from a boycott of US products. It wasn't just the threat of tariffs, which had been hovering for weeks, but the tone of a disrespectful and unappreciative US leader. It also didn't help that the tense-filled early days of February came shortly after Amazon shut down its operations in Quebec.

 

The online giant denied it had anything to do with a warehouse joining a union, but Quebecers had seen this before from American corporations, from McDonald's to Walmart, shutting down operations after workers elected to express their right to unionize. For many, perhaps just for a time, enough was enough. Ontario put on hold its decision to ban stocking American alcohol in its LCBO outlets, but consumers had made up their mind to drop California wines for European or Chilean ones while Canada provided strong alternatives to the harder stuff.

 

In fact searching for Canadian substitutes to popular American products became quite the trend, even a national Winter sport, but one not without its challenges. The maker of a baseball cap popularized by Ontario premier Rob Ford with the inscription "Canada is not for sale" struggled to find a domestic manufacturer able to satisfy the surge of some 45,000 orders he soon received. The trade crisis in many ways has shown, as the pandemic had before, how dependent Canada was to foreign manufacturing and processing, from the confection of masks to refining oil. In an ironic twist, the great white north was finding out what some in the US administration were complaining about: the outsourcing of production which had over the years caused many jobs, and in fact capabilities, to be lost.

 

Lists of substitute items flooded the internet while grocery, liquor and other stores made a point of lining shelves with Made in Canada signs. Their accuracy however sometimes left to be desired, prompting some to develop an app to help consumers determine if a product was in fact made in Canada after scanning the code bar. A movement calling for a ban of Amazon in Quebec over the closure of local operations grew with the rare wave of pan-Canadian patriotism. The neighbors down south, it seemed, had touched a nerve.

 

Some of it reached surprising proportions: "I have rarely said this in my life but: Go Trudeau! Give them hell, your hour has come!" opined a separatist Montrealer who in normal times would vote Yes in a future referendum. On the political scene premiers lined up behind a suddenly surging outgoing federal leader, his Conservative opponent even briefly going so far as to say something nice about him as he struggled  to find his own voice in a national debate which became radically different from what it was just weeks ago. How much of an impact would this have on the election campaign? Certainly the narrative has changed from axing the carbon tax. Who is more likely to be tougher on Trump is now the more probable debate sure to dominate the coming election by many accounts.

 

And this vote may come sooner rather than later, not just because the opposition promised to bring down the government at the first occasion, but because Liberal candidate Mark Carney, who is sky rocketing in the polls, could call an election right away if he is elected Liberal party leader. But despite the show of unity Canadian leaders are aware there is work left to be done domestically. First Alberta remains an outlier due to its dependence on energy production, and second inter-provincial trade barriers need to go.

 

Solving that issue may go further than any boycott of American goods, some analysts note, since Canada's internal trade represents the larger share of its GDP. And after all the interconnected nature of production in North America means boycotts could impact Canadian jobs as well. "Supporting Canadian busi-nesses is important, but the approach needs to be realistic and beneficial to everyone," wrote one commentator on Reddit. "Instead of extreme measures, let’s focus on practical ways to strengthen our economy without hurting consumers and small businesses." While some have committed to cutting travel to the US, something which may bring more business to Canadian destinations, "What happens if Americans do the same to us?" he asked.

 

In Quebec a poll revealed three quarters of participants said they would reduce travel to the US and consumption of US goods. Of course the low Canadian dollar may have played a part in this, one of the many effects of the simple threats of US tariffs - which ironically made them more bearable to Americans by making Canadian imports cheaper. Among the boo birds, there was no doubt everyday citizens pondered their own way of voicing their discontent. Not quite comfortable enough to join the jeers at the Raptors game, Joseph Chua sat in silence instead of standing during Star Spangled banner, and considered other ways to protest.

 

"We were already talking about what businesses are Canadian, specifically what are American, specifically what to avoid. I definitely will be trying to avoid American products and groceries," he said. And while more efforts are being made by some to read labels in grocery stores more closely to make out where their food comes from, there's also a limit to what some are willing to do in protest. "I will not be stopping to consume US platforms," said one Ottawa resident, drawing the line at cancelling Netflix.

TOUS À BORD?

L’annonce ferroviaire est tombée à un drôle de moment, alors qu’un train de marchandises accidenté bloquait la circulation des inter-cités et après une tempête de neige qui avait paralisé le transport en commun dans les trois grandes métropoles de l’est canadien. Toute la gamme des difficultés dans la mire du projet semblaient illustrées en temps réel sur les antennes de télévision.

 

Après des années d’analyses et d’étude le gouvernement du Canada, dernier pays du G7 sans train à grande vitesse, annonçait le consortium élu pour faire progresser le chemin de fer rapide de Toronto à Québec. Windsor devra attendre mais plusieurs petites stations, de Peterborough à Trois Rivières allaient être reliées. Éventuellement.

 

Il faut dire que ce genre de projet remonte à plusieurs décennies, mais ces derniers temps les projets nationaux ont la cote: voir est-ouest  plutôt nord-sud sur un continent où le voisin n’a plus la faveur du peuple. En fin de compte à «Alto » de décider du tracé définitif de ce rêve lors des cinq prochaines années au coût de 3,9 milliards de dollars. D'ici là aucun véritable échéancier ou coût final, seulement une lueur d'espoir d'un gouvernement, lui, sur le départ.

 

« On entend souvent que les trains ne sont pas assez rapides, pas assez fréquents et qu’ils sont trop souvent retardés parce qu’on n’a pas une voie dédiée aux passagers, a déclaré le premier ministre Justin Trudeau. Le service n’est tout simplement pas à la hauteur des Canadiens, mais ça va changer. »

 

Il faut l'espérer parce qu'au même moment le déraillement d'un train de marchandise, qui a priorité sur le transport passager sur ce même réseau ferroviaire, retardait ou annulait la circulation des trains VIA du corridor clé rejoignant des provinces regroupant plus de la moitié de la population canadienne. Ce partage des voies ne peut certes pas durer mais sera la réalité pendant plusieurs années encore.

 

Par ailleurs le transport ferroviaire léger dans trois métropoles de cette même région laissait à désirer après une semaine de tempêtes de neige qui a retardé les utilisateurs de Toronto à Montréal, où le REM si récemment inauguré, a été paralisé et fait l'objet d'une enquête. On se serait cru à Ottawa, où le train léger souffrait toujours et encore, au long de ses trois lignes, dont deux fraîchement inaugurées.

 

Les leçons ont été cinglantes ces dernières semaines: LRT à Ottawa et REM montréalais manquent de fiabilité, ayant été mal conçus pour nos hivers rigoureux. Incroyable. D'ailleurs cet argument n'avait-il pas dans le passé été avancé lors des débats sur le chemin de fer à haute vitesse, plutôt coûteux, dans ce pays trop grand à la population trop éparpillée? Des sommes au-delà de 100 milliards ont été évoquées pour mener ce projet à bien, mais l'occasion est bonne pour faire fonctionner une économie menacée de tarifs par son partenaire commercial principal.

 

« On va bâtir un projet qui sera économique pour les Canadiens, a ajouté Trudeau. On doit s’assurer de coûts responsables pour cet investissement. En même temps, on sait que le Canada est un grand producteur d’acier, d’aluminium, de cuivre, de ressources de grande qualité avec des entreprises de grande qualité à travers le pays, qui peuvent contribuer à ce projet. »

LE DÉMÉNAGEMENT

L'idée paraît farfelue, déplacer une capitale de 16 millions d'habitants sur 1000 kilomètres, un méga-projet comme peuvent en rêver les émirs richissimes de la région du Golfe persique. Le nouveau site de la capitale iranienne serait d'ailleurs pas si loin des villes de l'excès de Dubai ou d'Abou Dhabi, sur le Golfe d'Oman au eaux turquoises.

 

Mais le rêve est ni entièrement nouveau, car il fait partie du discours des dirigeants de la république islamique depuis des années, ni sans exemple concret dans d'autres pays autoritaires. De Birmanie en Indonésie, en Egypte même, ces projets pharaoniques ont caressé l'imaginaire, parfois pour mieux exercer leur contrôle, parfois par nécessité, comme dans cette Jakarta menacée par les eaux.

 

En Iran, c'est pour échapper à une pollution légendaire entre autre que l'idée circule, et a été reprise dans le discours du nouveau président Massoud Pezesh-kian. Mais on ne s'est pas seulement contenté de la répéter mais de proposer un site bien précis, dans la région du Makran, face aux Emirats et juste à l'ouest de la frontière pakistanaise. Le projet est de la trempe des créations titanesques de cette région de l'or noir, mais les sanctions économiques permettront-elles un tel excès? L'idée est possiblement de réduire leur impact entre autre.

 

D'une part la logique serait, en plus de désengorger Téhéran, de répandre le développement à une autre région du pays, comme on a pu le faire au Brésil avec le développement de Brasilia, et avec la relocalisation de la capitale nigériane depuis Lagos. Un ministre iranien a évoqué  Makran à titre de "futur centre économique de l'Iran et de la région". Selon Banafsheh Keynoush, de l'Institut international d'études iraniennes, le site proposé a un intérêt stratégique.

 

"L'Iran cherche à concurrencer les ports maritimes de Dubaï et Gwadar", dit-elle sur les médias sociaux, y voyant d'ailleurs la possibilité de limiter l'effet des sanctions en développant le commerce dans l'océan indien tout en renforçant l'influence dans le Golfe persique. Son développement pourrait créer de nouveaux liens gaziers avec la Chine et le Pakistan. Keynoush ajoute qu'elle y connait "une des côtes et dunes de sable les plus splendides", ce qui fait d'ailleurs craindre l'impact environnemental d'un tel projet, un impact qui fait craindre le pire dans le cas du déplacement de Jakarta au nouveau site de Bornéo.

 

D'ailleurs emménager dans cette région aride déjà touchée par les changements climatiques serait de la folie pure et simple rien que pour son impact environnemental selon certains. "Les températures vont continuer à s'élever avec le dérèglement climatique, entraînant une série de problèmes, fait noter à France 24 l'analyste Jonathan Piron.

 

La région étant dépourvue d'eau, il va falloir installer des usines de dessalement géantes. Mais elles coûtent très cher, nécessitent d'être alimentée par des centrales électriques et créent de gros problèmes de pollution". Puis le projet nécessiterait une climatisation importante rendue difficile par la crise énergétique du pays.

LE VOTE ANNULÉ

L'automne avait laissé le pays, ainsi que le reste du continent, dans un état de choc. Premièrement parce que l'élection avait, contre toute attente, donné vainqueur un inconnu issu de l'extrême doite, puis ensuite parce que le scrutin avait été annulé, soupçonné d'avoir été fortement influencé par une campagne de médias sociaux sans précédent fortement imprégnée d'une ingérence russe. Depuis la Roumanie vit des heures d'incertitude dans un monde plongé dans l'instabilité.

 

C'en était de trop pour le président Klaus Iohannis, lui qui était déjà menacé de destitution, qui en fin de compte a annoncé sa démission "afin d'épargner à la Roumanie et aux citoyens roumains une crise", en prévision d'un nouveau vote au printemps. Or cette crise bat déjà son plein, même si la nouvelle a été accueillie avec liesse par des manifestants qui se sont emparés  des rues, et une opposition, qui n'a jamais pardonné l'annulation de l'élection.

 

Accusé de mettre en place un véritable "coup d'état" le sexagénaire au pouvoir depuis plus de dix ans a affirmé "n'avoir jamais violé la Constitution". Qualifiant la démission de "victoire du peuple roumain", le vainqueur surprise du premier tour, Calin Georgescu, a lancé: "il est temps de renouer avec l'État de droit. Reprenons le second tour".

 

Un autre chef de parti de l'opposition a déclaré sans gêne, dans ce pays dirigé sans merci par Ceausescu pendant des décennies: "Nous avons réussi à pousser au départ l'individu le plus arrogant de l'histoire de la Roumanie". Mais l'affaire de l'annulation du vote n'est pas terminée pour autant, la Commission européenne ayant ouvert une enquête sur les accusations de soutien illicite par le biais de Tiktok, une plateforme chinoise qui a fait l'objet de plusieurs enquêtes pour ingérence ailleurs dans le monde.

 

Entre temps les partis roumains font front commun contre cette montée sans précédent de l'extrême droite, plusieurs partis pro-européens souhaitant présenter un candidat unique: Crin Antonescu. A 65 ans cet ancien président du Sénat pro-européen a été jugé capable de séduire l’électorat social-démocrate et celui des libéraux.

 

"Il a fallu trouver une personnalité qui réunisse les deux électorats," résume le politologue Sergiu Miscoiu, qui le qualifie de  "bon orateur". Antonescu s'était déjà présenté à la présidentielle de 2009, terminant troisième. Depuis la chute de Ceaucescu le Parti social-démocrate (PSD) et le Parti national libéral (PNL), tous deux pro-européens, se succèdent au pouvoir, leur exclusion du second tour vient donc bouleverser la donne.

 

Anciennement affilié à l’extrême droite, Georgescu participe au scrutin en tant qu'indépendant, sans parti ni fonds de campagne, et prononce un discours radical familier qui dénonce la mondialisation, l’immigration, l’OTAN, l’Union européenne, les vaccins de COVID et l'appui financier à l'Ukraine, de quoi plaire à la fronde anti-occidentale et pro-russe du continent.

SCRUTIN ENTRE LES BALLES

Son pays est en pleine crise économique et proie à une violence extrême de la part des gangs qui terrorisent les politiciens et font fuir les touristes, mais le jeune président Daniel Noboa a tout de même crié victoire au premier tour de l'élection écuadorienne, son parti ayant récolté le plus de voix, soit 44,1% du vote, mais pas assez pour éviter un second tour.

 

La rivale de la gauche, Luisa Gonzalez, qui aspire à être la première présidente élue de ce pays de 17 millions d'habitants, le suit de près avec 43,9%, préparant un second tour encore plus serré que le scrutin précédent il y a 15 mois. Celle-ci serait-elle près de lui ravir le poste lors de ce qui a l'apparence d'un référendum sur son court mandat?

 

En quelques années le taux d'homicides a explosé de 400% dans ce pays rongé par une guerre au narcotrafic liée à sa situation géographique stratégique sur la route de la drogue latinoaméricaine vers les grand marchés de l'ouest. Plusieurs apprécient cependant les efforts du jeune dirigeant de 37 ans dans ce combat sanglant qui l'a obligé à décréter l'état d'urgence.

 

Les observateurs huma-nitaires prétendent cependant que l'armée a été abusive dans l'exercice de ses fonctions, notamment après la découverte de la dépouille de quatre jeunes dont les corps calcinés ont été retrouvés près d'une base militaire. Les soldats étaient bien en évidence lors de l'organisation et la logistique du premier tour, alors que la frontière était fermée pendant trois jours. Les militaires voulaient éviter un nouvel assassinat après celui d'un candidat d'envergure lors de la dernière campagne.

 

"L'Équateur traverse un moment très difficile, je pense que c'est la pire crise depuis notre retour à la démocratie" il y a presque un demi-siècle, estime l'analyste politique Leonardo Laso. Pas moins déterminée à mettre fin à la crise sécuritaire, l'ex-deputée Gonzalez prône une approche différente. "Il est urgent que nous changions le pays, non pas avec des déclarations de guerre, qui ne mèneront nulle part, mais en bâtissant la paix", a déclaré cette dernière. Celle-ci a causé une surprise d'envergure alors que certains prognostics annonçaient Noboa gagnant dès le premier tour.

 

"Il s'agit d'une lutte à la David et Goliath," dit-elle, ce qui "montre que les gens veulent du changement." L'économie a notamment été pertubée par la crise sécuritaire, qui a découragé les investissements vers ce pays traditionnellement stable et paisible d'Amérique du sud, qui a le malheur d'être coincé entre le Pérou et à la Colombie, grand producteurs de coca. Noboa a dénoncé de  «nombreuses irrégularités» lors du premier tour même si les missions de supervision électorale estiment ne pas avoir observé de «fraude» ayant pu « altérer les résultats».

 

Il estime avoir obtenu un « meilleur résultat » dans certaines provinces que les chiffres du dépouillement officiel, même si le résultat final n'a pas encore été affiché. Le chef de la Mission électorale de L'UE Gabriel Mato, a indiqué pour sa part n’avoir « pas un seul élément objectif indiquant qu’il y a eu le moindre type de fraude» et « regrette profondément » que la polarisation des débats «ait été associée à un certain récit de fraude ». Pour le politologue Santiago Cahuasqui « c’est la première fois » en un demi siècle que l’Équateur « possède un tel niveau extrême de polarisation».

WAR IN 2025

Drones versus drones, targeting communications connectivity and EMP weapons - as war continues to rage in Eastern Europe and global rivalries intensify in a time of shifting world order, offensive action isn't limited to conventional methods such as small arms fire, mortar or tank firing.

 

At the end of December, the war of the 21st century was in full display in the battle of Kharkiv, in northern Ukraine, where Kyiv's forces sent an all-robotic assault against the invaders in the form of drones in the air supporting automated ground units below, all the tools of Terminator in a war which has claimed thousands of human lives on both sides of the border. While minelaying drones took to the skies gun-armed bots rolled below, some carrying a Browning 12.7 mm machine gun, according to Forbes.

 

"We are talking about dozens of units of robotic and unmanned equipment simultaneously on a small section of the front," boasted a spokesperson for the 13th National Guard Brigade. Sea drones and terrifying so-called dragon drones, spewing thermite, which is not unlike throwing molten lava onto a battlefield, have been part of Ukraine's arsenal as it uses technology to try to compensate for its dwindling troop levels.

 

All technology has its weaknesses however, notably radio-waves which, blasted at incoming technology, can fry its electronics before it hits a target. The United Kingdom is notably working to deploy its Radio Frequency Directed Energy Weapon, which can hit targets a mile away at minimal cost, according to the Telegraph.

 

“We are already a force to be reckoned with on science and technology, and developments like RFDEW not only make our personnel more lethal and better protected on the battlefield, but also keep the UK a world leader on innovative military kit," said the country's minister for defence procurement last summer. “As we ramp up our defence spending in the coming years, our Defence Drone Strategy will ensure we are at the forefront of this war-fighting evolution.”

 

It's not yet the great EMP weapon some fear may one day threaten to plunge countries into the stone age, but possible baby steps leading there. In the mean time drone operators are developing ways around the more common defenses put up against them: signal jamming. To accomplish this some UAVs are tethered by the way of an ultra-thin fibre-optic cable than allows them to fly undetected and unhindered by jammers. Ukraine is experimenting with such devices in its war against Russian positions.

 

"This is a technological war," tells the CBC, a member of the Ukrainian military. "It is our job to develop and stay ahead." This is certainly true to both sides of the battlefield, as Russia has made use of similar devices as well, making the search for ways to neutralize the less-dectable, jam-proof wired drones the new high-tech race of the battlefield. In the great tech battle being waged connectivity is key, and severing it and the cables that make it possible can be a strategy with an impact at the military and civilian level as well.

 

The recent targeting of undersea cables by suspected Russia-backed and Chinese-backed ships in Europe and Asia are growing threats against the tech infrastructure and connectivity of the West and its allies. Shortly after the new year rang in such a telecommunications cable was damaged off Taiwan just days after Moscow was accused of similar suspected sabotage in the Baltic Sea off Finland, among NATO's newest members. Helsinki seized the ship.

 

These were among the latest incidents in a string of suspicious activity which included damage to two fibre-optic cables in the Baltic Sea last year near Sweden, another recent NATO member. A Chinese vessel was placed under investigation by Swedish authorities after that incident. The alliance has since deployed new assets in the Baltic Sea in an operation called "Baltic Sentry" to deter such attacks.

 

Suspected in the Baltic incidents are low-tech saboteur vessels circulating without proper insurance, believed to be behind everything from sabotage operations to efforts to circumvent sanctions faced by Russia since it launched the war in Ukraine. What it lacks in tech this "shadow fleet" compensates in numbers as Russia is suspected of having as many as 1,400 ships. In January a meeting of NATO's Baltic states focused on "measures required to secure the critical underwater infrastructure" and "respond-ing to the threat posed by Russia's shadow fleet," according to Finnish President Alexander Stubb. Days later an investigation was launched after a cable linking Sweden to Latvia was also damaged.

A GREEN VOTE

​While the explosion of global tourism has often raised concerns and elicited protest it has rarely been front and centre in election campaigns. But in an idyllic Indian ocean archipelago home to barely 100,000 people depending on the industry for most of its revenues plans for the development of a luxory hotel near a turtle sanctuary has set off alarm bells.

 

"To our knowledge there's no one to oversee these construction works or to ensure incidents are reported," warned Gérard Rocamora of the university of the Seychelles and head of the Island Biodiversity Conservation Centre. "The fact a new luxory hotel will be built near the (biodiversity) gem that Aldabra is has raised many concerns."

 

He fears the arrival of invasive species that could impact the atoll, which he called  "one of the rare places on the planet where the impact of humanity remains minimal," and called for strict biodiversity protocols to protect the region.  He tells Radio France Internationale the arms length Seychelles Islands Foundation has drawn up biodiversity protections but that they remain vague.

 

The issue has dominated the presidential election campaign which has just concluded, and one of the first things Patrick Herminie, the victor who collected some 52% of the vote in the second-round run-off, says he will do when he is sworn in is halt the Qatari-funded project after a campaign during which he pledged more scrutiny on tourist projects. He told the BBC his country "got peanuts in that contract" and called the deal "unacceptable".

 

Outgoing Wavel Ramkalawan had defended the deal stressing the country needed foreign investments to boost employment. According to the World Bank the country had a growth rate of 2.9% in 2024, up from 2.3% the year before, boosted by telecom, financial services and construction. According to the original agreement Qataris would lease the island for 70 years. Herminie said he "would put everything on hold and have a meeting with the investors and express our concrns." 

 

Some construction is already underway. This is just the latest project on Assumption island to create a stir. A few years ago plans for an Indian military base was eventually scrapped after causing popular uproar. Its geographic location has put the Seychelles on the radar in a number of countries including China, Gulf nations and India, all seeking to pursue security cooperation arrangements. While the nation of over 100 islands is Africa's wealthiest per capita, largely owing to tourism, it is also highly vulnerable to climate change.

CHOOSING EUROPE

Russian meddling and provocation has been on many European leaders' minds in recent weeks since Russian drones or planes were spotted from Poland to Denmark, but no country has been more concerned by this than Moldova, the small central European country bordering Ukraine which is home to a breakaway Russophile region.

 

Authorities there accused Moscow of spending hundreds of millions of euros to "take power" in last weekend's parliamentary election, threatening to steer the nation of 2.3 million away from Europe. But in the end the pro-European governing Party of Action and Solidarity (PAS) took 50% of the vote, to the relief of Western powers concerned about growing Russian influence. "You made your choice clear: Europe. Democracy. Freedom," congratulated European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen.

 

The country was rumored to be on Russia's next list of victims, if Moscow's attack on Ukraine had led to an immediate success. People suspected of seeking to disrupt the vote to elect the assembly's 101 members were arrested ahead of the Sep. 28 election amid suspicion of vote buying and disruption. PAS leader Igor Grosu said Russia had thrown "everything it had" at the election to influence the vote: "Tons of money, tons of lies, tons of irregularities"

 

All sorts of rumors flooded social media ahead of the election and Moscow did not hesitate to make provocative statements, such as suggesting the country was going to be invaded by NATO troops, an idea not without its appeal considering the proximity to Europe's raging Eastern front.

 

Tensions are higher in the region after Western allies hinted they may be inclined to shoot down Russian planes entering their air space in the future, a reaction the Kremlin deemed "dangerous". European countries also gathered to counter the growing drone incursions, which have spread from Denmark and Germany to France, by looking to erect a "wall of drones" at its borders.

 

Wary of its tenuous situation, Moldova applied to join the European Union soon after Moscow's attack in Ukraine in 2022, acquiring candidate status and engaging in accession negotiations. The head of the pro-Russia Patriotic Electoral Bloc, opposition leader Igor Dodon, claimed victory even before results trickled in and called for protests, but few turned up. His bloc had barely secured about a quarter of the vote.

 

But it didn't fail to obtain the support of the Kremlin whose spokesman Dmitry Peskov declared without evidence: "From what we see and know, we can conclude that hundreds of thousands of Moldovans were deprived of the opportunity to vote in Russia because there were only two polling stations open to them, which was of course insufficient." Expats lined up to vote in North America and other regions, but in the end this late count was not necessary to declare a winner.

 

The road ahead will not be easy for the party of president Maia Sandu. It will need the support of others to govern, and the country is also struggling with an economic crisis marked by high inflation and worsened by persisting corruption. But the vote was no less significant, stressed  Sandu: "The results of the vote aren't a victory for one party or certain electors, they are a victory for the entire country," she said. "It's a strong mandate for the process of joining the EU."

SPILLING OUT

As feared wars dragging into another year without a path to peace are spilling into new countries, threatening to send a world building up its armaments into a spiral of violence. But observers point out the current period of instability is all the more pronounced after what has been a historically exceptional period of relative peace.

 

The UN Security Council held an emergency meeting after Israel targeted Hamas leadership in Qatar, a country leading peace efforts to end the conflict. At the same time NATO officials were being convened under the rarely invoked Article 4 to discuss the ramifications of Russian drone incursions into Poland some considered intentional.

 

The Jewish state's offensive was criticized even by steadfast ally Washington, which had been supportive of previous strikes in Yemen, Syria, Lebanon and, to some extent, Iran. It came days before Benjamin Netanyahu launched a ground offensive in devastated Gaza, on the day a UN commission of inquiry declared Israel had committed genocide in the enclave. The attack targeting Hamas leadership, following a shooting claimed by the group which killed 6 in Jerusalem, took the life of 6 including a Qatari official, prompting condemnation of violations of international law. Qatar's leader told the BBC this set back peace efforts considerably.

 

The Ukrainian peace drive has also hit a roadblock despite efforts by Washington to push the parties closer to the negotiating table. While the Russian airspace violation did not cause any deaths, it resulted in destroyed property and provoked the first military response by NATO to a Russian incursion, shooting down some but not all of the drones. Every new day brought chips to the international order.

 

Any spillover in Poland, accidental or not, risked making the nightmares of former Soviet republics come true. Besides Poland, the Baltic states have for years feared possible encroachment, while Russian influence was on everyone's mind as Moldova's election campaign neared its end. “Russia is pushing buttons, to see what the Americans will do,” told the New York Times Max Bergmann, director for Europe and Russia at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. Like Europe, “Russia is trying to understand what the Trump presidency means and where is it headed. And if you want to undermine NATO and Europe’s security architecture in a few years, you want to test it.”

 

The incident has redoubled caution by airliners aware of previous commercial disasters over war zones, such as Malaysian Airlines flight 17 in 2014 when war was already raging in Ukraine's east. Ryanair CEO Michael O'Leary warned the war could disrupt paths for European airlines for years to come. "This is going to be an ongoing issue for all airlines and all European citizens for the next number of years," he said. "The risk is one of continuous disruption, rather than of safety." His airline is already considering stopping service to Israel as that conflict drags on. The drone incursion prompted France to send fighter jets to Poland to prevent any future attack as NATO beefed up security by launching Operation Eastern Sentry, involving Denmark, the UK, Germany in order to add "flexibility and strength to our posture". 

 

There was some criticism that a few dozen drones had prompted such as massive reaction by the alliance, which sent fighter jets to shoot down with less success than Ukraine's armed forces, and at great cost, relatively cheap drones. The incident also led to some dissension amid the alliance, Poland contradicting the US, which viewed the incursion as an accident. Days later, Romania says it sent fighter jets to chase a Russian drone out of its territory.

 

"Although the immediacy of our focus is on Poland, the situation transcends the border region of one nation," commented NATO commander Alexus Grynkewich. This seems to apply to the Middle Eastern conflict as well, as Israel followed the Qatari strike with renewed strikes on Yemen. If it seems the world is now a turbulent place, this is because the current period contrasts with the historically exceptional one that preceded it, historian Florian Louis tells France24.

 

"We are seeing a multiplication of violent clashes, internal or international, we are in a world more unstable than we have seen for some time," he says , a contrast made more obvious by years stretching from 1945 to the early 21st century which had been relatively peaceful. "This was an exceptional period and what we are witnessing now is a certain return to what had historically been the norm," he says. Leaders such as Putin and Netanyahu are less hesitant to act at a time the world's superpower limits foreign involvements, as one sees the other act with relative impunity, he noted.

CONTESTATION SERBE

Comme ailleurs en Europe la saison estivale a été plutôt chaude et Serbie, mais la météo n'y était pas toujours pour quelquechose. Les manifestations à répétition représentent le défi le plus important qu'ait pu connaitre le président Aleksandar Vučić après 14 années à la tête du pays balkan.

 

Ainsi son absence début septembre pour participer au grand défilé militaire de Xi Jinping lui permettait sans doute de fuir la contestation croissante dans les rues du pays, qui s'est envenimée depuis les éclats de la mi-août entre manifestants et forces de l'ordre et ne paraît pas prête à s'estomper avec le retour en classe, loin de là.

 

Les manifestations ont vu le jour depuis l'écroulement de la toiture d'une gare fraîchement rénovée en fin 2024, donnant lieu à une répression sévèrement criti-quée par les instances européennes. Les manifestants font appel à la tenue d'élections anticipées, accusant la corruption d'être responsable du désastre qui a emporté 16 vies. "La solution est de faire appel à des élections, expliquait un manifestant, Nebojsa Korac, lors d'un rassemblement aspergé par du gaz lacrymogène sur un campus de Novi Sad. De notre côté on veut que la démocratie l'emporte et que les institutions politiques fassent leur travail. Ca veut dire faire appel à des élections, ça représente la solution car le gouvernement va changer."

 

Vučić rejette les accusations d'excès de violence par les forces de l'ordre durant les manifestations, écrivant dans les pages du Guardian que les mouvements contestataires réguliers "dérangent le quotidien, paralyse le gouvernement et deviennent violents", soulignant que 170 agents de police ont été blessés. Des supporters de soccer violents qui se serait mêlés aux manifestations ont notamment été signalés pendant les manifestations de la mi-août.

 

"Malgré tout les actions de la police ont été limitées et restreintes et ont seulement visé ceux qui s'en sont pris à la propriété ou aux policiers". Son gouvernement n'a pas perdu une seconde avant de lancer une enquête, ajoute-t-il, et a rendu publics "des milliers de documents sur la rénovation de la station de train."

 

Le premier ministre a par ailleurs rendu sa démission en acceptant la responsabilité pour les éclats. Mais les protestataires exigent également le départ du président , préférant devancer le calendrier électoral dont l'échéancier est atteint en 2027. L'Organisation pour la sécurité et la coopération en Europe n'a pas caché que les élections parlementaires de l'an dernier laissaient à désirer au niveau de l'influence des médias et du patronage lors du vote.

 

Vučić par ailleurs a été accusé d’étouffer les libertés démocratiques et de donner libre voie au crime organisé, ce qu'il nie. L'Union européenne quant à elle limite ses critiques afin d'éviter de faire basculer le régime davantage dans le camp russe, comme la Slovaquie et la Hongrie. Pareil à ces homologues, Vučić a accusé l'Occident d'orchestrer le désordre, un bouc émissiaire familier depuis le bombar-dement de Belgrade par des avions de l'Otan pendant la guerre des Balkans de la fin du XXème siècle. La Serbie espère toujours intégrer l'UE mais reste proche de Moscou.

AVOIDING THE CURSE

As Guyanans headed to the polls to elect their president, there was little doubt the incumbent Irfaan Ali, who won eight of the country's 10 regions after promising a "prosperous Guyana", was favoured to win, riding an oil-fueled boom that has made the small South American country among the fastest-growing economies in the world.

 

More good news is in store as growth is expected to continue, projections topping the production of over a million barrels of oil a day. But high inflation not unrelated to major infrastructure projects and growing inequalities have laid the challenges the country of 850,000 faces in the years ahead, amid promises by all parties to share the wealth. That's not what the commoners are reporting so far, leaving them very doubtful their fortunes will improve during Ali's second term.

 

The oil has brought the poor some relief, such as better child care support, but the infrastructure projects which have boomed as the black gold flowed have also raised prices already going up due to global trends. The transformation has been swift since large deposits of crude were spotted off the country's coast, increasing more than four-fold the GDP in the last five years alone. Growth was measured at 43% last year as some 5,000 public works were launched.

 

But Georgetown only has to look West to Venezuela to see how such a fortunate find and rapid exploitation can turn into a curse, a trap politicians, like so many in similar situations across the world, said they would tip toe around. "How can we suffer from Dutch syndrome, we are not Dutch," joked a minister of this nation sharing a border with Suriname, a former Dutch colony. But critic doubt any trickle-down economics will make their way to the working poor there.

 

Critics Amanzia Walton-Desir says few have benefited from the boom. "We have a wealth entering this country like never before (but) the people are still poor." Major infrastructure projects make for good ribbon cutting, but sometimes do little to better people's lives. "The way the government lays out infrastructure projects and subsidies contribute directly to inflation," she deplores. "The easiest thing to do is spend money, it's even easier when it isn't yours," Civil society militant Cris Ram told AFP. Some of these projects, like a recently built hospital, have been little more than empty shells.

 

"There's no medical team, nurses or equipment, no supplies or electricity." Rather surprising in what is now an energy-rich nation. But Ali's People's Progressive Party supporters disagree, citing payments that have improved citizens' finances. The government has been “helping the people and giving us what we need," tells the Guardian bus driver Omadai Persaud. “We have free education, free university … hospitals and all resources,” she added, making her decision in the lead-up to the election a no-brainer.

 

But the opposition will continue following the money amid concerns of growing corruption. “A lot of our oil money is being wasted on projects that aren’t achieving their objectives,” said Aubrey Norton, whose party lost support in the election, coming in third. He stressed the need to look beyond oil, what some well-endowed Gulf states are currently doing. “We believe that we have to develop industries outside of oil, so we want to be involved in agro-processing, manufacturing, other areas. Oil is not an infinite resource … and if it is finished without us widening the base of the economy, we’re in trouble.”

RENTRÉE TURBULENTE

Nouvelle rentrée parlementaire, nouveau premier ministre en France, le cinquième en moins de deux ans, un portrait politique d'une instabilité quasi-italienne sur fond the manifestations et de grèves virant à l'émeute dans certains cas malgré le déploiement d'importants dispositifs de sécurité. Son prédécesseur, François Bayrou, avait à peine duré neuf mois, évincé par le vote de censure qui a suivi le retour des élus à l'Assemblée nationale.

 

Ce dernier avait cherché en vain de faire passer un budget d'austérité, prévoyant une réduction de déficit de l'ordre de 44 milliards d'euros, estimant intenable la fiscalité française. « Vous avez le pouvoir de renverser le gouvernement, mais vous n’avez pas le pouvoir d’effacer le réel » déclara le dirigeant sortant, un politicien de longue date, déplorant un «surendettement» du pays, une «addiction» de dépenses publiques que les Français ont pris l'habitude de «financer à crédit » .

 

Le résultat du vote était sans surprise. L'idée de supprimer des jours fériés avait à elle seule soulevé un certain étonnement dans ce pays où ils sont nombreux et vénérés. Le résultat du vote a donné lieu à plusieurs  célébrations publiques, un «pot de départ» bien arrosé avec fromages et musique. Il s'agit de la première fois dans l'histoire de la Ve république fois qu'un gouvernment perd un vote de confiance. Refusant de faire appel à de nouvelles élections ou de démissionner, le président français a choisi un proche, le ministre des armées Sébastien Lecornu, pour tenter de former un nouveau gouvernement, un choix à nouveau rejeté par une gauche ascendante qui espérait voir un des siens occuper le poste.

 

« Emmanuel Macron s’obstine donc dans une voie à laquelle aucun socialiste ne participera. Celle qui a conduit à l’échec et au désordre et qui aggrave la crise, la défiance et l’instabilité, a réagi le Parti socialiste. Sans justice sociale, fiscale et écologique, sans mesures pour le pouvoir d’achat, les mêmes causes provoqueront les mêmes effets » . Une première réunion cette semaine lassait les socialistes "sur leur faim". Peu prometteur.

 

« C'est une décision du président de la république de perpétuer sa politique, estime quant à lui Manuel Bompard de La France Insoumise, plus que jamais la question du bras de fer, du rapport de forces et de la démission du président de la république s'impose. » Dur en effet de voir les choses changer dans les prochains mois qu'aura Lecornu pour « consulter les forces politiques représentées au Parlement en vue d’adopter un budget pour la nation et bâtir les accords indispensables aux décisions des prochains mois ».

 

Les mécontents n'ont pas hésité à se faire entendre le lors d'une première manifestation nationale pour « bloquer tout », la semaine dernière, provoquant des éclats dans plusieurs grandes villes du pays et menant à des centaines d'arrestations. Une autre avait lieu cette semaine, un jeudi "noir" organisé à travers le pays alors que Lecornu prenait les rênes de la nation. Les défis de la rentrée étaient bien exposés alors que le pays digérait la dégradation de la note de la dette, après l'annonce de l'agence de notation Finch, la faisant passer de AA- à A+. Selon Bayrou c'est le reflet d' « un pays que ses “élites” conduisent à refuser la vérité est condamné à en payer le prix».

 

FLYING THE FLAG 

It's among the world's oldest and most recognizable flags, and is even found in national and regional flags around the world from New Zealand to Bermuda, the Union Jack. It was even Canada's national flag until it eventually got its own. Lately The Union Jack and England's St George's Cross flag have been more and more visible across Great Britain amid a widely popular campaign to "raise the colours".

 

But some are left feeling uneasy about the flag waiving. It seemed fitting that it all started shortly after England's lionesses won the Euro soccer tournament and organizers say it's meant to be a celebration of pride and patriotism, but amid current immigration crackdowns critics say it amounts to little more than jingoistic far right nationalism. Group Hope no Hate tied the campaign to "well-known far right extremists" finding an opportune moment to bind flag and racism. It wouldn't be the first time flying a nation's colours has been tied to extremism and racism.

 

England's flag, the red St George's Cross on white background in particular. After devolution gave powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, the flag - which is represented in the Union Jack itself like Scotland's St. Andrews cross -, started to become increasingly tied to extremism, being a preferred choice of hooligans at soccer matches. After devolution a new English nationalism "rejected other nations" with the intention of "defending England and the rights of its citizens," because, unlike the Scots and the Welsh, there was no regional legislature to pass laws just for England, says Thibaud Harrois of La Sorbonne. This nationalism claims "once dominant England is now being poorly represented."

 

The Cross of St George was notably featured in a number of anti-immigration protests that have been popping up as the country wrestles with an influx of immigrants coming over the English Channel. This is hardly the only country to see its national flag taken over by extremist elements. Over the Channel France saw the same flag waving take place on a number of occasions, notably as Le Pen's Front National rose in popularity. "It's pretty systematic," tells Radio France Maud Chirio of Paris university, "all extreme right movements being nationalistic it is pertinent for them to use symbols such as the flag, as this identifies them as nationalists and prevents them from being marginalized."

 

The flag has also been widely used at Ralliement National rallies, though its popularity also rose as France became as soccer power. More recently Brazil has seen the national banner used by right-wing nationalists supporting populist leader Jair Bolsonaro as he navigates the country's justice system. The day of his inauguration Bol-sonaro waved the auriverde and proclaimed: "To-day is the day the people start liberating themselves from socialism and the politically correct... This is our flag and it will never be red unless blood is shed."

 

This provoked a campaign by critics to "give us back our flag" to prevent it from being a symbol of right-wing extremists or populists. It echoed campaigns by left-wing militants during the dictatorship of the 80s, observers say. Populist US president Donald Trump has made the flag an important part of his image, embracing and even kissing it during campaign rallies and wasting no time to plant two immense banners around the White House, even though one already flies on the roof of the building itself.

 

In Canada the 60th anniversary of the Maple Leaf this year became an opportunity to reacquaint Canadians with a banner which had for a time become a symbol of extremists during the contentious anti-vaccination and trucker protests of the previous years. It is now more than even being flown on cars and in homes, a symbol of unity in the face of a perceived growing US threat under its populist presidency.

 

Most groups using national flags as symbol, including in recent anti-immigrant rallies in Australia, tend to be right-wing, but not always. If anything Scottish nationalism and flag waving by the Scottish National Party seeks to break away from the UK with socialist ideals, notes Harrois. Algerians protesting their government's policies have also embraced the national flag recently, regardless of cultural or political cleavages.

LA BOLIVIE A DROITE

Presque vingt ans après l'ascension d'Evo Morales à la présidence bolivienne, les électeurs ont opté pour un retour du balancier en choissant deux candidats de droite pour se disputer le second tour de l'élection qui mettra fin au règne socialiste de ce petit pays d'Amérique du sud.

 

Mais le dirigeant d'origine autochtone sexagénaire qui s'était battu contre la pauvreté mais a perdu la faveur du public, n'est pas resté entièrement à l'extérieur de l'arène politique, prônant un vote en blanc pour protester contre les limites de mandat - qui l'empêchent de se présenter à nouveau - qui a récolté non moins de 20% des résultats.

 

Voilà qui lui a plutôt fait plaisir mais qui n'a pas manqué d'être dénoncé par une opinion publique las des nombreuses querelles intestines de son parti, le Mouvement vers le socialisme, poussant plusieurs à voter plus à droite en période de difficultés économiques. « Même des gens qui avaient plus d’affinités idéologiques avec la gauche que la droite étaient réticents » à confier un nouveau mandat à la gauche, résume à La Presse Gustavo Flores-Macías de l’Université Cornell.

 

Le pays andin était prêt à tourner la page, lui qui traverse une pénible période marquée par une inflation de 25% et une pénurie de carburant, alors que la Bolivie est pourtant riche en hydrocarbures, source de ses succès antérieurs. Résultat, les candidats en lisse au second tour, le sénateur Rodrigo Paz et l'ex-président Jorge « Tuto » Quiroga, ne cachent pas que le pays devra traverser de dures années en raison du besoin de mesures d'austérité nécessaires au rétablissement de l'économie plombée par la dette et les déficits.

 

A blâmer entre autre, selon Flores-Macías, un manque d'investissement dans l’exploration et les nouvelles technologies après une période de nationalisation de l'industrie des hydrocarbures. Paz, qui a récolté 32% des voix, a causé la surprise en finissant en tête de peloton malgré avoir limité les publicités coûteuses et les rassemblements importants, une montée notamment expliquée par le succès des vidéos tiktok anti-corruption de son colistier, qui ont connu un franc succès chez les jeunes.

 

« L’authenticité et la communication numérique ont pris le pas sur tout ce qui constitue l’appareil traditionnel des grands médias et de l’argent », explique à l'AFP Erick Hurtado, spécialiste en marketing politique. Mais alors qu'un vent de changement flotte sur la nation andine, le discours de Paz est perçu comme plus modéré que celui de son adversaire.

 

« Il ne représente ni les grandes entreprises, ni les libéraux radicaux, résume le sociologue Renzo Abruzzese sur les ondes de la chaîne Red Uno. Il incarne le citoyen ordinaire. » Un citoyen dont le projet de « capitalisme pour tous » semble avoir trouvé des adeptes dans le pays le plus pauvre du continent en quête d'une sortie de crise.

THE RIVAL CLAN

The projection of power and defiance of any Western-led global order was undeniable. After Washington's largely underwhelming military parade prepared with great haste this winter, Beijing held a massive display of weaponry in Tian An Men square to mark the anniversary of Japan's surrender, but also so much more, signalling an intention to end  "Cold war mentality".

 

Days before Xi Jinping had gathered Russian leader Vladimir Putin and India's Narendra Modi in a summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation attended by 20 world leaders in all, all looking for new leadership at a time of U.S. commercial tensions and American withdrawal from the world stage.

 

The parade wasn't the affair of a few squeaking tanks rolled out of World War II museums but advanced laser, nuclear ballistic missile and underwater drone technology. Attending were Putin as well as a North Korean leader who rarely leaves his country and Iran's president, all joined by dozens of other heads of state, including two Western leaders, all rather in the opposing camp of the Ukrainian war and NATO.

 

Jinping and Kim have both been supporting Moscow in its war on its neighbor, a war Washington has tried to end without success. U.S. President Donald Trump, whose view of Putin has soured and who has slapped Beijing with tariffs, mocked the gathering by writing on social media: "Please give my warmest regards to Vladimir Putin and Kim Jong Un as you conspire against the United States of America."

 

The display showed how much China's arsenal has changed throughout the years, including everything from robotic wolves to hypersonic glide and cruise missiles which are unrivalled in the West and give Jinping the assurance to declare his nation fears no one. Beijing, which is rapidly building up its navy, not only has the numbers - due to its large population - but technological know-how to be a formidable military power, though observers, who will be studying the scene intensely, note much of the arsenal remains untested.

 

None of this is free and China is spending billions on its military hardware. This Spring it reported a military budget of $245 billion, second only to the US, but observers say this 1.5% of GDP figure is implausibly low. The U.S. Defense Department usually finds such official figures understated by anything from 40% to 90%. And China's economy isn't firing on all cylinders considering the global trade tensions with the US. By the time they bubbled over Beijing was weathering deflation along with a property-sector collapse.

 

The country's nominal GDP growth is less than half of what it was during the pre-pandemic years of 2017–19. Still China's technological prowess is making it a daunting opponent for the West, all the more as it teams up with other great powers such as Russia and India. Although there was at least a moment that brought the great middle kingdom's power some dose of humility, bordering on embarrassment.

 

Days before the parade, slogans appeared on a building in Chongqing calling for the end of Communist Party rule, no less. “Only without the Communist Party can there be a new China,” it read, as well as: “No more lies, we want the truth. No more slavery, we want freedom.” A remarkable feat considering the country's unmatched surveillance tools.

 

The author, Qi Hong, later showed police searching a nearby hotel where the projection had originated, thanks to a hidden camera. He was soon out of the country with his wife and children, telling the New York Times: "My only intention was to express myself. The party installs surveillance cameras to watch us. I thought I could use the same method to watch them." More of a projection of dissent.

TARGET IRAN

Leaders gathered at the G7 in Kananaskis this week, reuniting the heads of the world's most powerful economies for the first time since the re-election of the US president, had a lot on their plate considering the tense trade climate between the traditionally close partners. In addition ongoing wars, such as Ukraine and Gaza, were sure to be on the agenda. But new clashes between Iran and Israel, this time with added ferocity that suggested Israel wanted to bring the regime down and end its nuclear threat once and for all, took centre stage amid fears of a wider Mideast conflict.

 

The two Middle Eastern countries had spent days exchanging rocket fire after the Jewish state struck nuclear facilities, ending whatever talks were still underway. As world leaders met in Canada, Israel urged the citizens of Tehran to evacuate ahead of a new series of strikes.

 

The crisis shortened U.S. president Donald Trump's partici-pation at the summit, as rumors swirled the US may join the attack against Iran, if only to punch through bunkers deep underground that Israel, despite its quickly secured control of Iranian airspace, could not. The offensive further divided Western allies, French president Emmanuel Macron suggesting that bringing regime change was a recipe for trouble in an already troubled part of the world.

 

"The greatest mistake we could do is seeking through military means to change the regime in Iran," he said, warning the world risks a repeat of the "chaos" that marked regime change in Iraq and Libya. But the US seems to think the time for coming to the table has come and gone. The G7 called for de-escalation short of asking for the ceasefire but Washington was calling for total capitulation of the regime, all signs indicating it had prevented Israel from kiling Iran's spiritual leader, but that this remained an option.

 

Ayatollah Ali Khamenei defiantly responded there would be no surrender and that the US would  face "irreparable damage" if it attacked, criticizing the Jewish state for scuttling talks. Further involvement by Washington would go against the administration's stated aim to distance itself from foreign conflicts.

 

Experts seem divided on whether Iran in fact is on the verge of developing a nuclear weapon, something leaders in the West at least agree Iran should never have. Intelligence agencies have said the regime is still years away from reaching that point and this week IAEA head Rafael Grossi said "we are not able to say Iran has made efforts in the fabrication of nuclear weapons" and reiterated the many risks associated with attacking nuclear sites. Surprisingly silent during this crisis is Moscow, once a staunch supporter of Tehran, but now embroiled in its own conflict.

 

Also silenced are Tehran's once violent proxies in Gaza and Lebanon, other victims of Israel's strikes in a campaign that seeks to put away the actors behind the Oct. 7 attacks. Also remaining largely quiet is China, which is a major Iranian oil importer and seeks to deepen ties with Tehran. Like the G7, Beijing called for a de-escalation of the conflict, adding it was ready to play a constructive role in any talks. Sadly neither China nor the G7 have had much influence or success ending recent conflicts, from the Middle East to Eastern Europe.

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